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Topic Review
KLK4T2
The human kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) and the transcribed pseudogene KLKP1 are reported to be highly expressed in the prostate. When trying to clone transcripts of KLKP1, authors partly failed. Instead, they identified an androgen-regulated transcript, KLK4T2, which appeared to be a splice variant of KLK4 that also contained exons of KLKP1. Expression analysis of KLK4, KLK4T2, and KLKP1 transcripts in prostate cancer cell lines showed high levels of KLKP1 transcripts in the nucleus and in unfractionated cell extract, whereas it was almost completely absent in the cytoplasmatic fraction. This was in contrast to KLK4 and KLK4T2, which displayed high to moderate levels in the cytoplasm. In patient cohorts we found significantly higher expression of both KLK4T2 and KLK4 in benign prostatic hyperplasia compared to both primary prostate cancer and bone metastasis. Analysis of tissue panels demonstrated the highest expression of KLK4T2 in the prostate, but in contrast to the classical KLK4, relatively high levels were also found in placenta. So far, the function of KLK4T2 is still to be explored, but the structure of the translation product indicated that it generates a 17.4 kDa intracellular protein with possible regulatory function.
  • 721
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Bladder Carcinomas
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the most malignant disease of the urinary tract with variable metastatic potential. Categorized as muscle invasive (MIBC) or non-invasive (NMIBC), BLCA is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality of affected individuals.
  • 720
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Crosstalk between Depression and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is a serious global challenge, and depression is one of the risk factors and comorbidities of BC. Recently, the research on the comorbidity of BC and depression has focused on the dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the persistent stimulation of the inflammatory response. However, the further mechanisms for comorbidity remain unclear. Epoxide metabolism has been shown to have a regulatory function in the comorbid mechanism with scattered reports. The imbalance in epoxide metabolism and its downstream effect shared by BC and depression, including overexpression of inflammation, upregulation of toxic diols, and disturbed lipid metabolism is disclosed. These downstream effects are mainly involved in the construction of the breast malignancy microenvironment through liver regulation. 
  • 720
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Cell Secretome in Driving Breast Cancer Progression
Breast cancer is a complex disease that remains a significant public health challenge. The breast cancer cells secrete various substances collectively known as the secretome, which include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that contribute to the growth and spread of breast cancer. The secretome plays a crucial role in the development and progression of breast cancer by modifying signaling pathways and creating an environment supporting cancer growth while evading the immune system. Additionally, the secretome is responsible for the development of resistance to cancer drugs, making it a significant challenge for effective treatment.
  • 720
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota in Neurodegenerative Diseases
An imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in the body can lead to oxidative stress, which is one of the major causes of neurodegenerative diseases. The gut microbiota contains trillions of beneficial bacteria that play an important role in maintaining redox homeostasis. The microbiota–gut–brain axis has emerged as a new field that has revolutionized the study of the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, a growing number of studies have found that communication between the brain and the gut microbiota can be accomplished through the endocrine, immune, and nervous systems. Importantly, dysregulation of the gut microbiota has been strongly associated with the development of oxidative stress-mediated neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the relationship between the gut microbiota and redox homeostasis will help explain the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases from a new perspective and provide a theoretical basis for proposing new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 719
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Techniques Most often Used in Omic
Techniques used in omics have proven to be useful in studying dietary supplements. Techniques used in omics have proven to be useful in studying dietary supplements. In nutrigenomic research, it is necessary to precisely determine the influence of the tested substances on biological processes in the organism at the following levels: transcriptome, genome, proteome, and metabolome. Advanced, high-throughput techniques that generate a massive amount of data must be used to obtain a holistic view of a given subject. 
  • 719
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Ocular Therapeutics and Molecular Delivery Strategies
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves activation of a photosensitizer by photon irradiation that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that selectively occlude CNV in the target ocular segment. It has found extensive applications in exudative AMD treatment before the rise of anti-VEGF therapy. Visudyne® is a liposomal formulation of a hydrophobic photosensitizer, Verteporfin that was approved for nAMD administration by the US FDA in 2000.
  • 717
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Myosins
The eukaryotic cell cytoskeleton is a complex and dynamic network that shapes the cell and that is composed of various cellular proteins, among which the superfamily of actin-based motors proteins, the myosins. Myosins play a key role in many cellular processes such as cell migration, adhesion, intracellular trafficking and internalization processes, making them ideal targets for pathogenic bacteria that used them to hijack cellular pathways and colonize their human host. 
  • 716
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Formation and Function of Exosomes
Exosomes, nanovesicles of ≈30–150 nm in diameter, can be isolated from the bodily fluids of dairy cows (e.g., blood plasma, milk, and follicular fluid), and present a unique opportunity to studying the molecular cues that underlie poor reproductive performance.
  • 716
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cobined Genomic and Metabolomic Screening
Since the golden age of antibiotics in the 1950s and 1960s actinomycetes have been the most prolific source for bioactive natural products. However, the number of discoveries of new bioactive compounds decreases since decades. New procedures (e.g., activating strategies or innovative fermentation techniques) were developed to enhance the productivity of actinomycetes. Nevertheless, compound identification remains challenging among others due to high rediscovery rates. Rapid and cheap genome sequencing as well as the advent of bioinformatical analysis tools for biosynthetic gene cluster identification in combination with mass spectrometry-based molecular networking facilitated the tedious process of dereplication. In recent years several studies have been dedicated to accessing the biosynthetic potential of Actinomyces species, especially streptomycetes, by using integrated genomic and metabolomic screening in order to boost the discovery rate of new antibiotics. 
  • 715
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
DispHScan
DispHScan is a web tool designed to predict protein disorder as a function of pH for multiple sequences. This new functionality offers the possibility to conduct pH-dependent disorder analysis at the proteome-wide level that might reveal new insights into the physiological and pathological role of the solution pH in the conformational plasticity of IDPs and assist scientists and industries in identifying optimal pH conditions for proteins of interest. DispHScan is freely available for academic users at: http://disphscan.ppmclab.com/
  • 715
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Highly Expressible Bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR)
Highly expressible bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR) is a light-triggered protein (optogenetic protein) that have seven transmembrane regions with retinal bound as their chromophore to sense light. HEBR has controllable photochemical properties and regulates activity on the proton pumping. Our study indicates that the HEBR protein may inhibit cell proliferation and cell cycle progression of lung cancer cells, reduce their migration activity, and suppress some stem-ness-related genes. These findings also suggest the potential of HEBR protein to regulate the growth and migration of tumor cells, which may offer the possibility for an anticancer drug.
  • 715
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Structural Characterization of Allergens
Allergens are substances that cause abnormal immune responses and can originate from various sources. IgE-mediated allergies are one of the most common and severe types of allergies, affecting more than 20% of the population in Western countries. Allergens can be subdivided into a limited number of families based on their structure, but this does not necessarily indicate the origin or the route of administration of the allergen, nor is the molecular basis of allergenicity clearly understood. 
  • 715
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Protein Interface in Fuzzy Complexes
microtubules and homologous recombination nucleoprotein filaments, where a network of intrinsically disordered tails exerts regulatory function in recruiting partner macromolecules, proteins or DNA and tuning the atomic level association.
  • 714
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds of Milk Exosomes
Exosomes are biological nanovesicles that participate in intercellular communication by transferring biologically active chemical compounds (proteins, microRNA, mRNA, DNA, and others). Milk is the only exosome-containing biological fluid that is commercially available. In this regard, milk exosomes are unique and promising candidates for new therapeutic approaches to treating various diseases, including cancer. The biochemical components of milk exosomes—proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids—can significantly affect therapeutic molecule delivery. In this regard, a detailed analysis of the content of these molecules in milk exosomes, also called “exosomics” (by analogy with genomics, proteomics, and other -omics technologies), is required.
  • 714
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
FABP1,  FABP2 and FABP3
Fatty-acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are a class of low-molecular-weight intracellular proteins that play a role as a transporter by binding to hydrophobic ligands, typically fatty acids, with different affinities, and are involved in the metabolism of these fatty acids (FAs). These hydrophobic ligands include, but are not limited to, saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), eicosanoids, and other lipids. FABPs have been shown to be important in modulating lipid metabolism, gene regulation, and signal transmission. They have been thought of as the key mediators in the metabolic and inflammatory processes.
  • 714
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Removal of Analgesics and Antibiotics by Laccases
Laccase is an enzyme belonging to the class of oxidoreductases. It catalyzes the four-electron oxidation of a substrate in the presence of molecular oxygen as a co-substrate to form water. The removal of pharmaceutically active substances by enzymes such as laccases has received considerable attention. Laccases were evaluated for their efficacy in degrading pharmaceutical substances across various categories, including analgesics, antibiotics, antiepileptics, antirheumatic drugs, cytostatics, hormones, anxiolytics, and sympatholytics.
  • 714
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Lung Cancer Biomarkers
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Detecting lung malignancies promptly is essential for any anticancer treatment to reduce mortality and morbidity, especially in high-risk individuals. 
  • 713
  • 02 Sep 2021
Topic Review
ABA-Mediated Regulation of Cd-Responsive Genes in Plants
Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal that has no biological function and can persist in organisms for a long time (biological half-life: 10–30 years). Cadmium exposure can cause metabolic disorders in plant leaves, leading to excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H2O2, further causing oxidative stress, cell death, and even plant death. Abscisic acid (ABA) is a sesquiterpene phytohormone that plays important roles in plant growth and development, e.g., in inducing dormancy in buds and seeds, causing stomatal closure, and promoting abscission of flowers and fruits.
  • 713
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation of Hippocampal Neurogenesis
The hippocampus is crucial in learning, memory and emotion processing, and is involved in the development of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Several epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, have been shown to regulate the development and function of the hippocampus, and the alteration of epigenetic regulation may play important roles in the development of neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases. 
  • 712
  • 21 Feb 2021
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