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Topic Review
Nanomotion Detection-Based AST
Rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) could play a major role in fighting multidrug-resistant bacteria. Recently, it was discovered that all living organisms oscillate in the range of nanometers and that these oscillations, referred to as nanomotion, stop as soon the organism dies. This finding led to the development of rapid AST techniques based on the monitoring of these oscillations upon exposure to antibiotics.
  • 731
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Formation and Function of Exosomes
Exosomes, nanovesicles of ≈30–150 nm in diameter, can be isolated from the bodily fluids of dairy cows (e.g., blood plasma, milk, and follicular fluid), and present a unique opportunity to studying the molecular cues that underlie poor reproductive performance.
  • 731
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Proteasome Allostery
Allostery fundamentally describes coordination and communication between distinct sites of a multipart and multifunctional protein, or riboprotein. The proteasome rivals the ribosome in size, compositional complexity, multiplicity of active sites and substrate interactions and its importance in the cellular economy. For both, the cellular consequences of its misregulation are grave. Like the ribosome, proteasomes must coordinate multiple active sites and undergo large scale conformational realignments that optimally position its components for enzymatic processing and to move substrates. The expectation that proteasomes utilize allostery is supported by two types of experimental data. The first consists of regulators that are substrates or their components. The second consists of RPs that exhibit cooperative binding to the pair of CP sites where they dock.
  • 731
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Multidirectional Action of Oligo in Plants
Oligo technology is a low-cost and easy-to-implement method for direct manipulation of gene activity. The major advantage of this method is that gene expression can be changed without requiring stable transformation. Oligo technology is mainly used for animal cells. However, the use of oligos in plants seems to be even easier. The oligo effect could be similar to that induced by endogenous miRNAs.
  • 731
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Classification of Mechanoreceptors and Their Physiological Importance
Mechanosensitive ion channels comprise a broad group of proteins that sense mechanical extracellular and intracellular changes, translating them into cation influx to adapt and respond to these physical cues. All cells in the organism are mechanosensitive, and these physical cues have proven to have an important role in regulating proliferation, cell fate and differentiation, migration and cellular stress, among other processes. Indeed, the mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix in cancer change drastically due to high cell proliferation and modification of extracellular protein secretion, suggesting an important contribution to tumor cell regulation.
  • 731
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs in Bladder Carcinomas
Bladder cancer (BLCA) is the most malignant disease of the urinary tract with variable metastatic potential. Categorized as muscle invasive (MIBC) or non-invasive (NMIBC), BLCA is the fifth most common cancer worldwide, resulting in substantial morbidity and mortality of affected individuals.
  • 730
  • 26 May 2021
Topic Review
Compounds Targeting Entamoeba histolytica and Its Biological Membrane
Amoebiasis is the third most common parasitic cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in countries with poor hygienic settings in central and south America, Africa, and India. This disease is caused by a protozoan parasite, namely Entamoeba histolytica, which infects approximately 50 million people worldwide, resulting in 70,000 deaths every year. 
  • 729
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Endophytic Streptomyces
Endophytic microorganisms especially endophytic actinobacteria are considered and recognized as a potential source for the discovery of bioactive compounds. 
  • 728
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
The TRPM2 Cation Channel
The transient receptor potential melastatin (TRPM) family belongs to the superfamily of TRP ion channels. It consists of eight family members that are involved in a plethora of cellular functions. TRPM2 is a homotetrameric Ca2+-permeable cation channel activated upon oxidative stress and is important, among others, for body heat control, immune cell activation and insulin secretion. Invertebrate TRPM2 proteins are channel enzymes; they hydrolyze the activating ligand, ADP-ribose, which is likely important for functional regulation. Since its cloning in 1998, the understanding of the biophysical properties of the channel has greatly advanced due to a vast number of structure–function studies. The physiological regulators of the channel have been identified and characterized in cell-free systems. In the wake of the recent structural biochemistry revolution, several TRPM2 cryo-EM structures have been published. These structures have helped to understand the general features of the channel, but at the same time have revealed unexplained mechanistic differences among channel orthologues. 
  • 728
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Malaria
Malaria is a significant public health problem in more than 100 countries and causes an estimated 200 million new infections every year.
  • 728
  • 06 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation of Hippocampal Neurogenesis
The hippocampus is crucial in learning, memory and emotion processing, and is involved in the development of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Several epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, have been shown to regulate the development and function of the hippocampus, and the alteration of epigenetic regulation may play important roles in the development of neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases. 
  • 726
  • 21 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Crosstalk between Depression and Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is a serious global challenge, and depression is one of the risk factors and comorbidities of BC. Recently, the research on the comorbidity of BC and depression has focused on the dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and the persistent stimulation of the inflammatory response. However, the further mechanisms for comorbidity remain unclear. Epoxide metabolism has been shown to have a regulatory function in the comorbid mechanism with scattered reports. The imbalance in epoxide metabolism and its downstream effect shared by BC and depression, including overexpression of inflammation, upregulation of toxic diols, and disturbed lipid metabolism is disclosed. These downstream effects are mainly involved in the construction of the breast malignancy microenvironment through liver regulation. 
  • 726
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Compounds Inhibiting Noppera-bo as Insect Growth Regulators
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are conserved in a wide range of organisms, including insects. In 2014, an epsilon GST, known as Noppera-bo (Nobo), was shown to regulate the biosynthesis of ecdysteroid, the principal steroid hormone in insects. Studies on fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster, and silkworms, Bombyx mori, demonstrated that loss-of-function mutants of nobo fail to synthesize ecdysteroid and die during development, consistent with the essential function of ecdysteroids in insect molting and metamorphosis. This genetic evidence suggests that chemical compounds that inhibit activity of Nobo could be insect growth regulators (IGRs) that kill insects by disrupting their molting and metamorphosis. In addition, because nobo is conserved only in Diptera and Lepidoptera, a Nobo inhibitor could be used to target IGRs in a narrow spectrum of insect taxa. Dipterans include mosquitoes, some of which are vectors of diseases such as malaria and dengue fever. Given that mosquito control is essential to reduce mosquito-borne diseases, new IGRs that specifically kill mosquito vectors are always in demand. 
  • 726
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Cell Secretome in Driving Breast Cancer Progression
Breast cancer is a complex disease that remains a significant public health challenge. The breast cancer cells secrete various substances collectively known as the secretome, which include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that contribute to the growth and spread of breast cancer. The secretome plays a crucial role in the development and progression of breast cancer by modifying signaling pathways and creating an environment supporting cancer growth while evading the immune system. Additionally, the secretome is responsible for the development of resistance to cancer drugs, making it a significant challenge for effective treatment.
  • 726
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Sirtuin 6 in Metabolic Activity
Sirtuins, in mammals, are a group of seven enzymes (SIRT1–SIRT7) involved in the post-translational modification of proteins—they are considered longevity proteins. Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), classified as class IV, is located on the cell nucleus. It affects many molecular pathways involved in aging: telomere maintenance, DNA repair, inflammatory processes or glycolysis. SIRT6 is involved in the regulation of homeostasis—an increase in the protein’s activity has been noted in calorie-restriction diets and with significant weight loss, among others. Expression of this protein is also elevated in people who regularly exercise. 
  • 726
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Highly Expressible Bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR)
Highly expressible bacteriorhodopsin (HEBR) is a light-triggered protein (optogenetic protein) that have seven transmembrane regions with retinal bound as their chromophore to sense light. HEBR has controllable photochemical properties and regulates activity on the proton pumping. Our study indicates that the HEBR protein may inhibit cell proliferation and cell cycle progression of lung cancer cells, reduce their migration activity, and suppress some stem-ness-related genes. These findings also suggest the potential of HEBR protein to regulate the growth and migration of tumor cells, which may offer the possibility for an anticancer drug.
  • 725
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Myosins
The eukaryotic cell cytoskeleton is a complex and dynamic network that shapes the cell and that is composed of various cellular proteins, among which the superfamily of actin-based motors proteins, the myosins. Myosins play a key role in many cellular processes such as cell migration, adhesion, intracellular trafficking and internalization processes, making them ideal targets for pathogenic bacteria that used them to hijack cellular pathways and colonize their human host. 
  • 724
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
DispHScan
DispHScan is a web tool designed to predict protein disorder as a function of pH for multiple sequences. This new functionality offers the possibility to conduct pH-dependent disorder analysis at the proteome-wide level that might reveal new insights into the physiological and pathological role of the solution pH in the conformational plasticity of IDPs and assist scientists and industries in identifying optimal pH conditions for proteins of interest. DispHScan is freely available for academic users at: http://disphscan.ppmclab.com/
  • 723
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
KLK4T2
The human kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4) and the transcribed pseudogene KLKP1 are reported to be highly expressed in the prostate. When trying to clone transcripts of KLKP1, authors partly failed. Instead, they identified an androgen-regulated transcript, KLK4T2, which appeared to be a splice variant of KLK4 that also contained exons of KLKP1. Expression analysis of KLK4, KLK4T2, and KLKP1 transcripts in prostate cancer cell lines showed high levels of KLKP1 transcripts in the nucleus and in unfractionated cell extract, whereas it was almost completely absent in the cytoplasmatic fraction. This was in contrast to KLK4 and KLK4T2, which displayed high to moderate levels in the cytoplasm. In patient cohorts we found significantly higher expression of both KLK4T2 and KLK4 in benign prostatic hyperplasia compared to both primary prostate cancer and bone metastasis. Analysis of tissue panels demonstrated the highest expression of KLK4T2 in the prostate, but in contrast to the classical KLK4, relatively high levels were also found in placenta. So far, the function of KLK4T2 is still to be explored, but the structure of the translation product indicated that it generates a 17.4 kDa intracellular protein with possible regulatory function.
  • 723
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Signs of Androgen Receptor-Negative Disease
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) has been the mainstay of prostate cancer (PCa) treatment, with success in developing more effective inhibitors of androgen synthesis and antiandrogens in clinical practice. However, hormone deprivation and AR ablation have caused an increase in ADT-insensitive PCas associated with a poor prognosis. Resistance to ADT arises through various mechanisms, and most castration-resistant PCas still rely on the androgen axis, while others become truly androgen receptor (AR)-independent. 
  • 723
  • 11 Jul 2023
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