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Topic Review
Bioactive Molecules from Forest Resources
Forest trees are the world’s most important renewable natural resources in terms of their dominance among other biomasses and the diversity of molecules that they produce. Forest tree extractives include terpenes and polyphenols, widely recognized for their biological activity. These molecules are found in forest by-products, such as bark, buds, leaves, and knots, commonly ignored in forestry decisions. The present entry focuses on in vitro experimental bioactivity from the phytochemicals of Myrianthus arboreus, Acer rubrum, and Picea mariana forest resources and by-products with potential for further nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and pharmaceutical development. 
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Green Ads, Emotional Arousal and Purchase Intention
Green marketing theory explores rationales for minimizing the environmental effect of value production, as well as trade. Green marketing indicates that an organization is market-oriented and operates sustainably. Green marketing is defined as promotional activities targeted at achieving advantages by influencing customer behavior toward a company. The way consumers respond to green marketing messages is a topic that attracts significant interest. more specifically, it is interesting to investigate and comprehend the impact of emotional appeals (positive and negative) in green advertising and how they influence consumer attitudes toward green advertisements and intentions to make environmentally conscious purchases.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is a pivotal regulatory agency under the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), responsible for safeguarding public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of drugs, biologics, medical devices, food, cosmetics, and tobacco products. Established in 1906, the FDA has evolved through significant legislative milestones, such as the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, expanding its regulatory scope. The agency operates through various centers, including the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), and the Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), each tasked with specific regulatory functions. The FDA's responsibilities encompass drug approval, food safety, medical device regulation, and emergency public health responses, exemplified by its role in the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite facing challenges like balancing regulatory rigor with innovation, transparency concerns, and global supply chain complexities, the FDA remains a global leader in regulatory science. Looking forward, the FDA aims to adapt to technological advances, enhance global collaboration, and ensure equitable access to safe and effective medical products, thereby continuing its crucial role in public health protection.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning Methods for Rainfall–Runoff Modelling
Runoff plays an essential part in the hydrological cycle, as it regulates the quantity of water which flows into streams and returns surplus water into the oceans. Runoff modelling may assist in understanding, controlling, and monitoring the quality and amount of water resources. In machine learning (ML) models, the association between hydrological cycle variables and runoff is examined directly without regard for the actual processes involved. However, such ML (black-box) approaches are good enough at modelling runoff. The most widely used ML approaches in hydrologic research are K-nearest neighbor (K-NN), decision tree (DT), fuzzy rule-based systems (FRBS), ANN, deep neural networks (DNN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and support vector machine (SVM), etc. Numerous researchers have utilized these ML models for rainfall–runoff analysis.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
HMGB1
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a complex and potentially deadly disease. Despite successful obliteration of aneurysm from the circulation, the clinical outcome of aSAH patients is often poor. The reasons for poor outcomes are numerous, including cerebral vasospasm (CVS), post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus, systemic infections and delayed cerebral ischemia. Although CVS with subsequent cerebral ischemia is one of the main contributors to brain damage after aSAH, little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms of brain damage. Damaged central nervous system cells release damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs) that are important for initiating, driving and sustaining the inflammatory response following an aSAH. The evidence suggested that HMGB1contributes to brain damage during early brain injury and also to the development of CVS during the late phase. Different pharmacological interventions employing natural compounds with HMGB1-antagonizing activity, antibody targeting of HMGB1 or scavenging HMGB1 by soluble receptors for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), have been shown to dampen the inflammation mediated brain damage and protect against CVS. The experimental data suggest that HMGB1 inhibition is a promising strategy to reduce aSAH-related brain damage and CVS. Clinical studies are needed to validate these findings that may lead to the development of potential treatment options that are much needed in aSAH.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Portal Vein Thrombosis
The purpose of our study was to examine the prevalence of inherited and acquired thrombophilia in cirrhotic non-malignant portal vein thrombosis (PVT) at our center. As secondary aims we explored the influence of these disorders on the clinical presentation of PVT and response to anticoagulation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Advanced Melanoma
Therapeutic options for treating advanced melanoma are progressing rapidly. Until 6 years ago, the regimen for treating advanced melanoma mainly comprised cytotoxic agents such as dacarbazine, and type I interferons. Since 2014, anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1) antibodies have become recognized as anchor drugs for treating advanced melanoma with or without additional combination drugs such as ipilimumab. In addition, BRAF kinase inhibitors in combination with MEK kinase inhibitors are among the most promising chemotherapeutic regimens for treating advanced BRAF-mutant melanoma, especially in patients with low tumor burden. Since anti-PD1 antibodies are widely applicable for the treatment of both BRAF wild-type and mutated advanced melanomas, several clinical trials for drugs in combination with anti-PD1 antibodies are ongoing. This review focuses on the development of the anti-melanoma therapies available today, and discusses the clinical trials of novel regimens for the treatment of advanced melanoma.
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Air Pollution and Travelers
Traveler's optimal route choice is impacted by air pollution.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Central Vein Sign in MS
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most important paraclinical support in multiple sclerosis (MS) diagnostic work-up. Still, its specificity using conventional sequences is limited as the cerebral white matter (WM) findings in patients with different morbidities may be mistakenly interpreted as MS lesions. Therefore, more MS-specific MRI criteria to rule out disorders are needed. The central vein sign (CVS) has been proposed as an MS imaging biomarker to differentiate MS from MS-radiological mimicking disorders, implementing susceptibility-based MRI sequences. In this study, we aim to systematically review the proportion of MS  lesions which show the CVS and estimate the performance diagnostic value in discriminating MS from its common radiological differential diagnosis. Also, we investigate the impact of using different magnetic field strengths, specific sequences and post-processing techniques.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Dec 2020
Topic Review
SiRNA
Short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), also recognized as small RNAi, are double-stranded RNAs with 21–25 nucleotides that are applied to silence target genes in cells. siRNAs are made of two single sequences, named sense strand (passenger strand) and antisense strand (guide strand), connected by an active protein complex called the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC).
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
ESR1 Mutations
The ESR1 gene located at 6q25.1–q25.2 encodes an ER and a ligand-activated transcription factor consisting of several domains involved in hormone binding.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Women Care with Delusional Disorder
Delusional disorder is a difficult-to-treat clinical condition with health needs that are often undertreated. Although individuals with delusional disorder may be high functioning in daily life, they suffer from serious health complaints that may be sex-specific.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Non-Titania Based Semiconductor Hetero-Nanoarchitectures
Plasmonic photocatalysts combining metallic nanoparticles and semiconductors have been aimed as versatile alternatives to drive light-assisted catalytic chemical reactions beyond the ultraviolet (UV) regions, and overcome one of the major drawbacks of the most exploited photocatalysts (TiO2 or ZnO). The strong size and morphology dependence of metallic nanostructures to tune their visible to near-infrared (vis-NIR) light harvesting capabilities has been combined with the design of a wide variety of architectures for the semiconductor supports to promote the selective activity of specific crystallographic facets. The search for efficient heterojunctions has been subjected to numerous studies, especially those involving gold nanostructures and titania semiconductors. In the present review, we paid special attention to the most recent advances in the design of gold-semiconductor hetero-nanostructures including emerging metal oxides such as cerium oxide or copper oxide (CeO2 or Cu2O) or metal chalcogenides such as copper sulfide or cadmium sulfides (CuS or CdS). These alternative hybrid materials were thoroughly built in past years to target research fields of strong impact, such as solar energy conversion, water splitting, environmental chemistry, or nanomedicine.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sequencing for Inherited Retinal Diseases
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) represent a collection of phenotypically and genetically diverse conditions. IRDs phenotype(s) can be isolated to the eye or can involve multiple tissues. These conditions are associated with diverse forms of inheritance, and variants within the same gene often can be associated with multiple distinct phenotypes. Such aspects of the IRDs highlight the difficulty met when establishing a genetic diagnosis in patients. Here we provide an overview of cutting-edge next-generation sequencing techniques and strategies currently in use to maximise the effectivity of IRD gene screening. These techniques have helped researchers globally to find elusive causes of IRDs, including copy number variants, structural variants, new IRD genes and deep intronic variants, among others. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Parent Origin and Wolves' Conflict
We researched whether the behavior of young migrating wolves (loners), after they leave the pack, resembles parent pack (PP) behavior. Fourteen loners entering the Netherlands could be identified and genetically linked to their PPs. Like their PPs, some young wolves killed sheep and were near humans, others killed sheep and did not approach humans, while two loners were unproblematic, they did not kill sheep nor were they in proximity to humans. Thus, the PP behavior did predict loner’s behavior and human-wildlife conflicts may be similar between young wolves and their PPs. However, conflicts need not arise. To achieve that, new prevention methods are proposed to teach wolves in the PP not to approach sheep and humans. As a result, new generations may not be problematic when leaving the PP.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Hydroxy Fatty Acid
Fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs) are a new class of endogenous lipids with interesting physiological functions in mammals. Despite their structural diversity and links with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) biosynthesis, FAHFAs are less explored as NRF2 activators. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Ice Accretion on Fixed-Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
UAV is an aircraft without an onboard human pilot. The main components of a UAV are the aircraft structure, ground control center (remote), payload (camera), and a data link for the communication between aircraft and ground control center. According to their structure, UAVs are classified into four broad categories: fixed-wing UAVs, rotary-wing UAVs, flapping-wing UAVs, and blimps. The operation of UAVs in high north regions is prone to three main challenges: low temperature, high wind speeds, and atmospheric icing. The ice accretion along a UAV structure causes deterioration of aerodynamic performance and structural characteristics leading to catastrophic failures.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)-Derived Compounds
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) has been largely used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine. Licorice and its derived compounds possess antiallergic, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor effects. G is a triterpene glycoside complex and has been shown to possess cytotoxic effects against several cancer cell lines such as colon, lung, leukemia, melanoma, and glioblastoma (GBM). GA, an aglycone of G, has been demonstrated to have pro-apoptotic effects on human hepatoma, promyelocytic leukemia, stomach cancer, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected cells, and prostate cancer cells in vitro by inducing DNA fragmentation and oxidative stress.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Allan McLeod Cormack
Allan MacLeod Cormack (February 23, 1924 – May 7, 1998) was a South African American physicist who won the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (along with Godfrey Hounsfield) for his work on X-ray computed tomography (CT).
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Medical Psychology
Medical psychology, or Medico-psychology, is the application of psychological principles to the practice of medicine, primarily drug-oriented, for both physical and mental disorders. A medical psychologist who holds prescriptive authority for specific psychiatric medications and other pharmaceutical drugs must first obtain specific qualifications in psychopharmacology. A trained medical psychologist, or clinical psychopharmacologist who has prescriptive authority, is equated with a mid-level provider who has the authority to prescribe psychotropic medication such as antidepressants for mental health disorders. However, a medical psychologist does not automatically equate with a psychologist who has the authority to prescribe medication. In fact, most medical psychologists do not prescribe medication and do not have the authority to do so. Medical psychologists apply psychological theories, scientific psychological findings, and techniques of psychotherapy, behavior modification, cognitive, interpersonal, family, and lifestyle therapy to improve the psychological and physical health of the patient. Psychologists with postdoctoral specialty training as medical psychologists are the practitioners with refined skills in clinical psychology, health psychology, behavioral medicine, psychopharmacology, and medical science. Highly qualified and postgraduate specialized doctors are trained for service in primary care centers, hospitals, residential care centers, and long-term care facilities and in multidisciplinary collaboration and team treatment.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Nov 2022
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