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Topic Review
Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Risk of Lung Cancer
Lung cancer accounts for approximately 18.4% of the total cancer-related deaths, the highest of all cancer types. The prognosis of lung cancer is relatively unfavorable compared to that of other malignancies, and as a prognosis largely depends on the stage of onset, thus, the early diagnosis of lung cancer is very important. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a known risk factor for lung cancer.
  • 929
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Comprehensive Sexuality Education for Students with Disabilities
Comprehensive sexuality education (CSE) is an important framework utilized worldwide to provide students and young people with accurate, affirming, and socially conscious sexuality education.
  • 925
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of PM2.5 in Viral Infections
Several epidemiologic and toxicological studies have commonly viewed ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), defined as particles having an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 µm, as a significant potential danger to human health. PM2.5 is mostly absorbed through the respiratory system, where it can infiltrate the lung alveoli and reach the bloodstream. In the respiratory system, reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS, RNS) and oxidative stress stimulate the generation of mediators of pulmonary inflammation and begin or promote numerous illnesses. 
  • 924
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Livestock-Associated Zoonoses
Human and animal health are intimately connected. This idea has been known for more than a century but now it has gained special importance because of the increasing threat from zoonoses. Zoonosis is defined as any infection naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. As the frequency and prevalence of zoonotic diseases increase worldwide, they become a real threat to public health. In addition, many of the newly discovered diseases have a zoonotic origin. Due to globalization and urbanization, some of these diseases have already spread all over the world, caused by the international flow of goods, people, and animals. However, special attention should be paid to farm animals since, apart from the direct contact, humans consume their products, such as meat, eggs, and milk. Therefore, zoonoses such as salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, tuberculosis, swine and avian influenza, Q fever, brucellosis, Shiga-toxic Escherichia coli (STEC) infections, and listeriosis are crucial for both veterinary and human medicine. Consequently, in the suspicion of any zoonoses outbreak, the medical and veterinary services should closely cooperate to protect the public health. 
  • 923
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Social Connectedness
Poor social connectedness has long been recognised as a significant threat to both physical and mental health, particularly for older people. Numerous studies examining the health impacts of loneliness and isolation have demonstrated an association with negative outcomes such as increased mortality, cognitive decline, anxiety and depression and cardiovascular disease. However, with the rapid onset of the SARS-CoV-2 (otherwise known as COVID-19) virus in early 2020 came an additional threat to those already vulnerable to loneliness—enforced physical isolation. Confinement to the home was particularly important for the health of those in older age due to the increased mortality risk from the virus for that section of the population.
  • 921
  • 13 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Link between Food Environment and Colorectal Cancer
Food and diet are critical risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Food environments (FEs) can contribute to disease risk, including CRC. CRC incidence was associated with the availability of specific foods such as red meat, meat, animal fats, energy from animal sources, and an unhealthy FE. Increased CRC mortality was linked with the availability of animal fat, red meat, alcoholic beverages, and calorie food availability, residence in food deserts, and lower FE index. There were a variety of associations between CRC and the FE. The availability of specific foods, unhealthy FE, and food desserts impact CRC incidence and mortality.
  • 920
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Water Quality Control in Handpieces and Dental Unit
Bacteria populations can be spread during ongoing dental procedures when dentists are using high-speed handpieces and come into direct contact with the wounds of the patient undergoing treatment. There is a risk of water backflow into the dental unit waterline system from the handpieces known under the term of the suck-back phenomenon.
  • 920
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
HIV-Related Stigma
This notwithstanding, HIV continues to be a global public health issue. Many HIV patients died from acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related illnesses globally. Without addressing HIV-related stigma, 2030 (SDG 3) will be a very distant reality, as HIV-related stigma has been identified as a major drawback in HIV counselling and testing (VCT) uptake and ART utilization and adherence.
  • 918
  • 13 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Footprints of Active and Non-Active Transport Modes
Carbon footprint is defined as the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that are directly or indirectly caused by an activity or accumulated over the lifespan of a product. This definition suggests that a carbon footprint can be generated directly or indirectly by an individual through daily behaviours. 
  • 914
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Patient-Worker-Management of Vasovagal Syncope at Work
Syncope is a complex clinical manifestation that presents considerable diagnostic difficulties and, consequently, numerous critical issues regarding fitness for work, especially for high-risk tasks. It is impossible to quantify the exact impact of syncope on work and public safety since it is highly improbable to identify loss of consciousness as the fundamental cause of work or driving-related accidents, especially fatal injuries. Working at high-risk jobs such as public transport operators, in high elevations, or with exposure to moving parts, construction equipment, fireworks, or explosives demand attention and total awareness.
  • 913
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Association between Air Pollutant and COVID-19 Confirmed Cases
The COVID-19 pandemic raises awareness of how the fatal spreading of infectious disease impacts economic, political, and cultural sectors, which causes social implications. Across the world, strategies aimed at quickly recognizing risk factors have also helped shape public health guidelines and direct resources; however, they are challenging to analyze and predict since those events still happen. 
  • 907
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Long COVID-19
“Long COVID-19” refers to the existence of symptoms weeks or months after contracting the SARS-CoV-2 infection, regardless of the viral state. The long COVID-19 or post COVID-19 condition is defined as the illness that arises in patients who have a history of suspected or confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, usually within three months of the commencement of COVID-19, with symptoms and consequences lasting at least two months.
  • 905
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 and Brain
The second year of the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) pandemic has seen the need to identify and assess the long-term consequences of a SARS-CoV-2 infection on an individual’s overall wellbeing, including adequate cognitive functioning. ‘Cognitive COVID’ is an informal term coined to interchangeably refer to acute changes in cognition during COVID-19 and/or cognitive sequelae with various deficits following the infection. These may manifest as altered levels of consciousness, encephalopathy-like symptoms, delirium, and loss of various memory domains. Dysexecutive syndrome is a peculiar manifestation of ‘Cognitive COVID’ as well.
  • 904
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Seasonal Influenza Vaccination
SARS-CoV-2 and influenza are the main respiratory viruses for which effective vaccines are currently available. Strategies in which COVID-19 and influenza vaccines are administered simultaneously or combined into a single preparation are advantageous and may increase vaccination uptake.
  • 904
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Hypersensitivity Reactions to Food Additives
Food additives (FAs) are commonly used in prosscessed foods, but hypersensitivity reactions to food additives (HFA) appears to be a rare phenomenon. Identification of the FA responsible for hypersensitivity and its treatment is difficult. Diagnosis is a challenge for the clinician and for the patient. A food diary is a helpful diagnostic tool. It allows diet therapy to be monitored based on the partial or complete elimination of products containing a harmful additive. An elimination diet must not be deficient, and symptomatic pharmacotherapy may be necessary if its application is ineffective.
  • 903
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Measures against Toxic of Ochratoxin A
Ochratoxin A (OTA), which is a frequent contaminant in feeds/foods for animals and humans all over the world, is defined by IARC as a possible human carcinogen and belongs to group 2B mycotoxins, which is based on various experimental studies with rats or mice. Therefore, there are still some disputes among the research community in regard to the real potential of OTA to be carcinogenic for animals, poultry or humans because the mentioned above studies address mainly laboratory animals, such as mice or rats, whereas the data for humans, farm animals and poultry are still limited.
  • 900
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Work-Related Impacts of Cancer Caregiving
Individuals with cancer commonly rely on their informal caregivers (e.g., spouse/partner, family member, close friend) to help them manage the demands of the disease and its treatment. Caregiving, including helping with patient care, performing household chores, and providing emotional and practical support, can be particularly demanding for employed caregivers, who must juggle their work responsibilities while providing care. The work-related impacts of informal cancer caregiving that have been investigated in the literature include: (1) labor market withdrawal to provide care, (2) work modifications, (3) absenteeism, and, (4) presenteeism.
  • 900
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Physical Activity on the Circadian System
Circadian rhythms are an inherent property of all living systems and an essential part of the external and internal temporal order. They enable organisms to be synchronized with their periodic environment and guarantee the optimal functioning of organisms. Any disturbances, so-called circadian disruptions, may have adverse consequences for health, physical and mental performance, and wellbeing. The environmental light–dark cycle is the main zeitgeber for circadian rhythms. Moreover, regular physical activity is most useful. Not only does it have general favorable effects on the cardiovascular system, the energy metabolism and mental health, for example, but it may also stabilize the circadian system via feedback effects on the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the main circadian pacemaker. Regular physical activity helps to maintain high-amplitude circadian rhythms, particularly of clock gene expression in the SCN. It promotes their entrainment to external periodicities and improves the internal synchronization of various circadian rhythms. This in turn promotes health and wellbeing.
  • 900
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19-Related Neuro Events and Adverse Outcome Pathways
Several reports have shown that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to also be neurotropic. Four Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) leading to neurological adverse outcomes (AO), anosmia, encephalitis, stroke, and seizure, were developed. Biological key events (KEs) identified to induce these AOs included binding to ACE2, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The modularity of AOPs allows the construction of AOP networks to visualize core pathways and recognize neuroinflammation and BBB disruption as shared mechanisms.
  • 900
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sports Involvement on Body Image Perception and Ideals
Concerns about body image may affect athletes, mainly because of specific sports models to achieve successful performance.
  • 900
  • 06 May 2023
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