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Topic Review
Slow City Concept in Cittaslow
The slow city concept is associated with great care for the protection of the natural environment and the use of renewable energy sources.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Information and Communication Technology and CO2 Emissions
The expansion of ICT has led to higher electricity consumption due to the increase in ICT terminal devices, networks, and large-scale data centers, resulting in an increase in power consumption. Data centers, in particular, contain IT hardware, such as computers and data storage devices; various types of network equipment for communication (routers, switches, modems, etc.); and heating and cooling infrastructure. The energy used by data centers is 10–100 times that compared to the amount used by commercial buildings in the same area. According to UNEP and DTU, the amount of electricity consumed by data centers in 2018 corresponded to 1% of the global electricity demand, but it is expected to account for more than 20% of the total electricity demand in 2030. If ICT electricity consumption increases at the current rate, it will have a negative impact on reducing CO2 emissions. In other words, the expansion of ICT equipment supply accompanies the demand for electricity in terms of use, which leads to an increase in CO2 emissions.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Circular Economy and Circular Cities
An alternative way to the current way cities develops and operate is provided by the circular economy (CE). The idea of circular economy finds its roots in environmental and ecological economics, industrial ecology and management and corporate sustainability. The circular city represents a relatively new concept, and as a result, assumptions about these types of cities are often incorrect and require further explanations to understand their way of functioning. A framework for a circular economy not only reduces the raw materials used within the system but also brings opportunities for sustainable consumption, waste management and innovation in all fields, as well as human development and increased well-being for everyone. However, the nature of circular systems mandates for the collective effort of governments, businesses and consumers likewise. Therefore, a circular economy should be an integrated part of the cities’ and regions’ development plans for achieving healthy circular ecosystems.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
The Free Banking School
The Free Banking School is a term used for economists who study the costs and benefits of the competitive issue of currency by banks. 
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Main Personal Characteristics of Entrepreneurs
An extensive body of literature was produced in recent years with the objective of shedding light on the main determinants of entry into entrepreneurship. Who become an entrepreneur? It is not difficult to observe that entrepreneurs have some differentiation personal characteristics. Our main objective in the current text is to summarize some of these key characteristics.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Sustainable Social and Economic Development of Russian Municipalities
Sustainable social and economic development of municipalities has been assessed in Russia. In Russia, the issue of improving socio-economic sustainability of municipalities in the region through the assessment of its indicators are particularly relevant. Regional policy measures to equalize the level of socio-economic development should be designed, taking into account the identified features of the territorial development of municipal districts.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Reducing Inequalities within and among EU Countries
Reducing inequalities within and among countries is one of the main tenets of the sustainable development paradigm and has become an important pillar at the European Union level. By adopting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, EU countries have committed themselves to meeting targets against which progress in reducing inequalities can be measured. Through the present research, it can analyze and assess the extent to which EU countries will achieve the specific SDG 10 targets. Based on data published by Eurostat for the period 2010-2020, it can forecast the trends of the indicators until the year 2030, using a model based on AAA (Holt-Winters) version of the exponential smoothing (ETS), to assess the degree to which the assumed targets will be reached. For more detailed information, dynamic indices were used to analyze the dynamics of the progress achieved. The results showed that it is difficult to clearly distinguish one or more countries as part of a group of high or low performers in terms of the efforts made and the effects achieved in reducing inequalities. However, it can be mentioned that Poland as a good and very good performer on most of the indicators analyzed. At the opposite, Bulgaria and Greece, for which more attention and involvement is needed in adopting measures to correct the negative trends forecast.
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Impact of the COVID-19 to the Energy Sector
In order to control the COVID-19 pandemic, the governments of the world started to implement measures regarding social distance and social contacts, including closures of cities, work and study relocations, and work suspension. The epidemical situation and the lockdown of the economy by governments in various countries caused changes in production, changes in the habits of energy consumers and other energy-related changes.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Non-Renewable Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Policymakers and environmental scientists have proposed numerous measures toward achieving a sustainable environment. Some of these measures include the efficient use of energy and a scaling up of clean energy transition.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Forecasting a Stock Trend Using Genetic Algorithm
The performance of the model significantly outperforms the dummy forecast. In some cases, the accuracy of the model was up to 80%. The results also showed that S&P 500 (the US stock market) is the most useful stock index in the prediction on all sectors. This could be because the 15 considered stocks have been selected from NYSE and NASDAQ. In contrast, CAC40 (French stock index) seems to have the lowest impact on two out of the three sectors. Moreover, past historical data of the stock itself helps significantly in predicting its trend. However, the results also show that the accuracy of the model decreases considerably while trying to predict large price changes.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Open Innovation Concept Based on Ecosystem Approach
One of the major factors of developing economics in the modern world is promoting innovation activities, which frequently ensures a competitive position of a state in the global market. Thus far, the introduction of innovative high-performance technologies founded on scientific research has been considered to be a driver of economic growth that results in enhancing the welfare of a population. Therefore, many states look for measures to support innovations.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Bootstrapping
In finance, bootstrapping is a method for constructing a (zero-coupon) fixed-income yield curve from the prices of a set of coupon-bearing products, e.g. bonds and swaps. A bootstrapped curve, correspondingly, is one where the prices of the instruments used as an input to the curve, will be an exact output, when these same instruments are valued using this curve. Here, the term structure of spot returns is recovered from the bond yields by solving for them recursively, by forward substitution: this iterative process is called the bootstrap method. The usefulness of bootstrapping is that using only a few carefully selected zero-coupon products, it becomes possible to derive par swap rates (forward and spot) for all maturities given the solved curve.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Bibliometric Mapping of Cost-Benefit Analysis
Over time, the cost-benefit analysis has become a method that helps to clarify the pros and cons in many areas of human activity where both investment and non-investment projects are implemented. In researching for this article, we aimed to map the current state of publishing activities in the field of cost-benefit analysis and in order to accomplish this, four research questions had to be determined. 
  • 1.1K
  • 31 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Religion in Human Consumption
Religious belief, as an informal social institution, has a significant impact on all aspects of human civilization. Specifically, in the western area of China, low income level, and low marketization degree, religious belief negatively affects human consumption the most. On the contrary, in the eastern area, high income level, and high marketization degree, religious belief negatively affects human consumption the least.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Youth Entrepreneurship
Youth unemployment is one of Africa’s biggest challenges, but compulsory entrepreneurship training can turn the continent’s job-seekers into job creators, writes Abiodun Egbetokun.  First published on https://sciafmag.com/2020/02/26/three-lessons-from-nigeria-on-how-to-boost-youth-entrepreneurship/
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Rawlsian Cost-Benefit Analysis
The use of a Rawlsian perspective in cost-benefit analysis is proposed. For the purposes of the cost-benefit analysis, this perspective is at least as adequate as the traditional perspective, of a utilitarian nature.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Nov 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Shock Affect Intergenerational Income Mobility
The COVID-19 crisis has caused a huge negative shock to economic activities worldwide, leading to a reduction in income and changes in income distribution. Intergenerational mobility is an important indicator of sustainable social development. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Measuring the Efficiency of Energy and Carbon Emissions
The International Energy Agency (IEA, 2013) believes that energy efficiency should be taken as the first fuel rather than a hidden fuel and regards it as “a key tool for boosting economic and social development. From an economic perspective, efficiency is defined as the full and most efficient use of limited and scarce resources to satisfy people’s wants and needs given the technology, that is, produce more with less. If there is no way to make someone better off and nobody worse off, then the situation is Pareto efficient. Extending this concept to production economics, a 100% Pareto–Koopmans efficiency is achieved if and only if no inputs or outputs of any decision-making unit (DMU) can be improved without worsening the other inputs or outputs. However, in most management and social science applications, the theoretically possible Pareto efficiency is unknown. Therefore, it is replaced by relative efficiency, which is fully efficient if and only if other DMUs cannot improve inputs or outputs without worsening some of its other inputs or outputs on the basis of empirically available evidence. In this case, measuring production efficiency is actually evaluating whether there is waste of input by comparing the minimum input with the actual input while the output is unchanged or evaluating whether there is an output shortage by comparing the actual output with the maximum output with the input unchanged.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Biography
Marco Vivarelli
Ph.D. in Economics and Ph.D. in Science and Technology Policy, is full professor at the Catholic University of Milano, where he is also Director of the Department of Economic Policy. Affiliated Professorial Fellow at UNU-MERIT, Maastricht Research Fellow at IZA, Bonn Fellow of the Global Labor Organization (GLO) Member of the Academic Advisory Council of the Glob
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Italian Agri-Food Sector under COVID-19
Here we have carried out a multidisciplinary analysis of the impact that COVID-19 had on the Italian agri-food sector during the national lockdown. In our opinion, this unprecedented economic crisis could be a turning point to deal with the overall sustainability of agricultural systems and foodstuffs. We suggest to focus on applied research and development, and technology transfer, the so called university “Third Mission,” an area where the role of academia may be crucial and could add not only innovation and valorisation to the production chains of local enterprises, but also support the establishment of business networks in specific production segments.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jun 2021
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