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Topic Review
Western Diet, Insulin/IGF-I Signaling Pathway and Metabolic Syndrome
The metabolic syndrome is a cluster of overlapping conditions resulting in an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In the last few decades, prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Western world has reached epidemic proportions and this is likely due to alterations in diet and the environment as well as decreased physical activity. The Western diet and lifestyle (Westernization) plays an important etiological role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome  by exerting negative effects on activity of the insulin–insulin-like growth factor-I (insulin–IGF-I) system. Interventions that normalize/reduce activity of the insulin–IGF-I system may play a key role in the prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. For successful prevention, limitation, and treatment of the metabolic syndrome, the focus should be primarily on changing our diets and lifestyle in accordance with our genetic make-up, formed in adaptation to Paleolithic diets and lifestyles during a period of several million years of human evolution.
  • 1.1K
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis (GIOP)
In a physiological state, glucocorticoids stimulate mature osteoblasts to produce Wnt proteins functioning as signaling molecules, causing a Wnt/β-catenin cascade to be activated. This signaling cascade affects mesenchymal progenitor cells, and has a positive effect on their differentiation into osteoblasts instead of chondrocytes or adipocytes. Glucocorticoids are the most widely used anti-inflammatory drug around the world. Despite their excellent effect in managing many acute inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders, the usage of glucocorticoids has been limited due to substantial adverse effects. One of the most well-known side effects is osteoporosis, which further induces bone fracture and other musculoskeletal problems.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Sep 2023
Topic Review
AML Diagnosis and Prognosis
The development of molecular studies to define the somatic genetic alterations has revolutionized the diagnostic and therapeutic management of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). AML is a highly heterogenous disease that includes many molecular subtypes; each subtype is heterogeneous both for the presence of variable co-mutations and complex combinations of clones and subclones, changing during disease evolution and in response to treatment. The treatment of AML is changing from standardized schemes of induction and consolidation chemotherapy to tailored approaches according to molecular and genetic profiles and to targeted therapy. Several molecularly targeted therapies have been approved for the treatment of some AML patients, including mutation-specific targeted drugs such as FLT3, IDH1 and IDH2 inhibitors, mutation-independent targeted drugs such as the Bcl2 inhibitor venetoclax, the hedgehog inhibitor glasdegib and the CD33-targeted drug gemtuzumab ozogamicin. Furthermore, recent studies have shown the feasibility of a personalized medicine approach for the treatment of AML patients, where the therapy decisions are guided by the results of genomic studies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy
The cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy (CBASP) is a talking therapy, a synthesis model of interpersonal and cognitive and behavioral therapies developed (and patented) by James P. McCullough Jr [2000, 2006] of Virginia Commonwealth University specifically for the treatment of all varieties of DSM-IV chronic depression. CBASP is often mistakenly labeled a variant of cognitive therapy (CT) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) but it is not. McCullough writes that chronic depression (i.e., depressive disorder in adults that lasts continuously for two or more years; one year continuously in adolescents), particularly the type beginning during adolescence (early-onset), is essentially a refractory "mood disorder" arising from traumatic experiences or interpersonal psychological insults delivered by the patient's significant others (nuclear or extended family). The chronic depression mood disorder, at the core, is fueled by a generalized fear of others resulting in a lifetime history of interpersonal avoidance. The disorder rarely remits without proper treatment. Some basic assumptions underlying McCullough's approach to chronic depression and its treatment as a mood disorder are briefly described below.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Focal Adhesion Kinase
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) represents 15% of all lung cancers and it is clinically the most aggressive type, being characterized by a tendency for early metastasis, with two-thirds of the patients diagnosed with an extensive stage (ES) disease and a five-year overall survival (OS) as low as 5%. There are still no effective targeted therapies in SCLC despite improved understanding of the molecular steps leading to SCLC development and progression these last years.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Endometriosis in Menopause
Endometriosis, an estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease characterized by the ectopic presence of endometrial tissue, has been the topic of renewed research and debate in recent years. The paradigm shift from the belief that endometriosis only affects women of reproductive age has drawn attention to endometriosis in both premenarchal and postmenopausal patients. There is still scarce information in literature regarding postmenopausal endometriosis, the mostly studied and reported being the prevalence in postmenopausal women. Yet, other important issues also need to be addressed concerning diagnosis, pathophysiology, and management.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Placental Abruption
Placental abruption is the separation of the placenta from the lining of the uterus before childbirth. It is an infrequent perinatal complication with serious after-effects and a marked risk of maternal and fetal mortality. Despite the fact that numerous placental abruption risk factors are known, the pathophysiology of this issue is multifactorial and not entirely clear.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs) are more accessible and easier to collect from subcutaneous tissue, they can be collected in large quantities, with less morbidity of the patients, via lipoaspirates or adipose tissue biposy, they are easily isolated, and can simply be expanded in vitro. Moreover, AMSCs have been shown to be immunoprivileged, with low risk of rejection, and more genetically stable in long term culture, with a greater proliferative rate than BM-MSCs.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Writing Therapy
Writing therapy is a form of expressive therapy that uses the act of writing and processing the written word as therapy. Writing therapy posits that writing one's feelings gradually eases feelings of emotional trauma. Writing therapeutically can take place individually or in a group and it can be administered in person with a therapist or remotely through mailing or the Internet. The field of writing therapy includes many practitioners in a variety of settings. The therapy is usually administered by a therapist or counselor. Several interventions exist online. Writing group leaders also work in hospitals with patients dealing with mental and physical illnesses. In university departments they aid student self-awareness and self-development. When administered at a distance, it is useful for those who prefer to remain personally anonymous and are not ready to disclose their most private thoughts and anxieties in a face-to-face situation. As with most forms of therapy, writing therapy is adapted and used to work with a wide range of psychoneurotic issues, including bereavement, desertion and abuse. Many of these interventions take the form of classes where clients write on specific themes chosen by their therapist or counsellor. Assignments may include writing unsent letters to selected individuals, alive or dead, followed by imagined replies from the recipient, or a dialogue with the recovering alcoholic's bottle of alcohol.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials as Inhibitors in EMT
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has emerged as a key regulator of cell invasion and metastasis in cancers. However, although EMT represents a relevant therapeutic target for cancer treatment, its application in the clinic is still limited due to various reasons, including appropriate drug delivery. Different nanomaterials may be used to counteract EMT induction, providing novel therapeutic tools against many different cancers. We discuss the application of various nanomaterials for EMT-based therapies in cancer, the therapeutic relevance of some of the proposed EMT targets, and the potential benefits and weaknesses of each approach.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease exhibiting a distinct pattern of neuropathological changes associated with repetitive head trauma leading to increased risk of long-term memory and cognition issues.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
TRPM4 in Disease
Transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) is a unique member of the TRPM protein family and, similarly to TRPM5, is Ca2+ sensitive and permeable for monovalent but not divalent cations. It is widely expressed in many organs and is involved in several functions; it regulates membrane potential and Ca2+ homeostasis in both excitable and non-excitable cells. 
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jul 2024
Topic Review
Diagnosis and Prevention of Heat-Related Illness
Hyperthermia is an internal body temperature increase above 40.5 °C; normally internal body temperature is kept constant through natural homeostatic mechanisms. Heat-related illnesses occur due to exposure to high environmental temperatures in conditions in which an organism is unable to maintain adequate homeostasis. This can happen, for example, when the organism is unable to dissipate heat adequately. Heat dissipation occurs through evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat disease exhibits a continuum of signs and symptoms ranging from minor to major clinical pictures. Minor clinical pictures include cramps, syncope, edema, tetany, and exhaustion. Major clinical pictures include heatstroke and life-threatening heat stroke and typically are expressed in the presence of an extremely high body temperature. There are also some categories of people at greater risk of developing these diseases, due to exposure in particular geographic areas (e.g., hot humid environments), to unchangeable predisposing conditions (e.g., advanced age, young age (i.e., children), diabetes, skin disease with reduced sweating), to modifiable risk factors (e.g., alcoholism, excessive exercise, infections), to partially modifiable risk factors (obesity), to certain types of professional activity (e.g., athletes, military personnel, and outdoor laborers) or to the effects of drug treatment (e.g., beta-blockers, anticholinergics, diuretics). Heat-related illness is largely preventable. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Mutations in Glioma
Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) are commonly observed in lower-grade glioma and secondary glioblastomas. IDH mutants confer a neomorphic enzyme activity that converts α-ketoglutarate to an oncometabolite D-2-hydroxyglutarate, which impacts cellular epigenetics and metabolism. IDH mutation establishes distinctive patterns in metabolism, cancer biology, and the therapeutic sensitivity of glioma. Thus, a deeper understanding of the roles of IDH mutations is of great value to improve the therapeutic efficacy of glioma and other malignancies that share similar genetic characteristics.
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Metabolic Obesity in People with Normal Body Weight
The term Metabolic Obesity in People with Normal Body Weight (MONW) is used to describe people who, despite having a healthy body weight - usually defined by the body index (BMI), and more and more often also the percentage of adipose tissue - show metabolic disorders characteristic of obese people. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Medical Uses of N-Acetylcysteine
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a plant antioxidant naturally found in onion, is a precursor to glutathione. It has been used as a drug since the 1960s and is listed on the World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Medicines as an antidote in poisonings. There are numerous other uses or proposed uses in medicine that are still in preclinical and clinical investigations. NAC is also used in food supplements and cosmetics. Despite its abundant use, there are projections that the NAC global market will grow in the next five years; therefore, the purpose of this work is to provide a balanced view of further uses of NAC as a dietary supplement. Although NAC is considered a safe substance, the results among clinical trials are sometimes controversial or incomplete, like for many other antioxidants. More clinical trials are underway that will improve our understanding of NAC applicability.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes is well established as a chronic disease with a high health burden due to mortality or morbidity from the final outcomes of vascular complications. An increased duration of hyperglycemia is associated with abnormal metabolism. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are nonenzymatic glycated forms of free amino acids that lead to abnormal crosslinking of extra-cellular and intracellular proteins by disrupting the normal structure. Furthermore, the interaction of AGEs and their receptors induces several pathways by promoting oxidative stress and inflammation. 
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Radiosynovectomy for the Treatment of Chronic Hemophilia Synovitis
A radiosynovectomy (RS) should be indicated when recurrent articular bleeds related to chronic hemophilia synovitis (CHS) exist, established by clinical examination, and confirmed by imaging techniques that cannot be constrained with hematological prophylaxis. RS can be performed at any point in life, mainly in adolescents (>13–14 years) and adults.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Catheter Ablation in Treating Persistent Atrial Fibrillation
Catheter Ablation (CA) is an effective therapeutic option in treating atrial fibrillation (AF). Persistent AF represents the advanced stage during the progression of AF. “AF begets AF” is recognized as a main mechanism for the persistence of AF: a complex situation involving triggers and substrate (i.e., structural, electrical, and autonomic remodeling). Previous meta-analysis of RCTs including 809 persistent AF patients (mean age 60 years, mean LAD 46 mm) has already shown that PVI based CA is superior to AADs in preventing recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia among patients with persistent AF.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Histamine
Histamine [2-(4-imidazolyl)-ethylamine] is a biogenic amine that was first synthesized in the early 1900s. Histamine is a biogenic amine with numerous effects on many cell types, mediated by the activation of its four different histamine receptors (H1–H4Rs).
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Nov 2022
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