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Topic Review
Data Fusion in Process Analytical Technology
The release of the FDA’s guidance on Process Analytical Technology has motivated and supported the pharmaceutical industry to deliver consistent quality medicine by acquiring a deeper understanding of the product performance and process interplay. The technical opportunities to reach this high-level control have considerably evolved since 2004 due to the development of advanced analytical sensors and chemometric tools.
  • 805
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Net-Zero Emissions Transition in Chemical and Process Industries
Net-zero activities are addressing the climate and resource problems. Energy and resource efficiency, and simple circular economy are addressing the welcomed low hanging fruits. The European Commission has proposed the Net-Zero Industry Act (NZIA) to promote the production of clean technologies in the EU and prepare for the transition to clean energy. It shall significantly contribute to decarbonization by developing batteries, biogas/biomethane, carbon capture, and sustainable and alternative fuel technologies. Achieving net-zero emissions in the chemical process industries necessitates a holistic approach that combines technological advancements, supplies chain considerations, and societal transformation. While challenges exist, the CPI sector has the potential to significantly contribute to global emission reduction efforts. Collaboration, innovation, and a transition towards sustainable lifestyles are crucial for turning net-zero emissions into a tangible reality.
  • 804
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Catalytic Performance of MoVNbTeOx for ODHE
Ethylene is mainly produced by steam cracking of naphtha or light alkanes in the petrochemical industry. However, the high-temperature operation results in high energy demands, high cost of gas separation, and huge CO2 emissions. With the growth of the verified shale gas reserves, oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODHE) becomes a promising process to convert ethane from underutilized shale gas reserves to ethylene at a moderate reaction temperature. Among the catalysts for ODHE, MoVNbTeOx mixed oxide has exhibited superior catalytic performance in terms of ethane conversion, ethylene selectivity, and/or yield. Accordingly, the process design is compact, and the economic evaluation is more favorable in comparison to the mature steam cracking processes.
  • 794
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Biological Processes for Dairy Wastewater Treatment
Dairy wastewater (DWW) has a high fat content along with a high chemical oxygen demand (COD), which makes it problematic to dispose of. Biological treatment processes have shown great success in the remediation of this water. However, these are not without their shortfalls. A variety of biological processes have been listed here as well as suggestions to improve their effectiveness. To improve the treatment efficiency, there are two main lines of thinking: First, to optimise the process through the manipulation of the physical parameters of the systems (e.g., temperature, pH, hydraulic retention time (HRT), agitation, etc.). Second, to add either pre-treatment or post-treatment processes to the main process to increase the effectiveness of the entire process overall.
  • 779
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Physical Properties on Cellulose-Based Metallogels
Metallogels represent a class of composite materials in which a metal can be a part of the gel network as a coordinated ion, act as a cross-linker, or be incorporated as metal nanoparticles in the gel matrix. Cellulose is a natural polymer that has a set of beneficial ecological, economic, and other properties that make it sustainable: wide availability, renewability of raw materials, low-cost, biocompatibility, and biodegradability.
  • 776
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Continuous MOF Membranes for Gas Separation and Pervaporation
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a sub-group of porous crystalline materials, have been receiving increasing attention for gas separation and pervaporation because of their high thermal and chemical stability, narrow window sizes, as well as tuneable structural, physical, and chemical properties.
  • 740
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electrodialysis Separation
Electrodialysis is classified as a membrane separation process in which ions are transferred through selective ion-exchange membranes from one solution to another using an electric field as the driving force. Electrodialysis is a mature technology in the field of brackish water desalination, but in recent decades the development of new membranes has made it possible to extend their application in the food, drug, and chemical process industries, including wastewater treatment.
  • 724
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Design Strategies for Flexible Supercapacitors
The spread of wearable and flexible electronics devices has been accelerating for a wide range of applications. Development of an appropriate flexible power source to operate these flexible devices is a key challenge. Supercapacitors are attractive for powering portable lightweight consumer devices due to their long cycle stability, fast charge-discharge cycle, outstanding power density, wide operating temperatures and safety. Much effort has been devoted to ensure high mechanical and electrochemical stability upon bending, folding or stretching and to develop flexible electrodes, substrates and overall geometrically-flexible structures. Supercapacitors have attracted considerable attention and shown many applications on various scales.
  • 719
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Assessment of GHG Emissions from Thermochemical Reactions
The environmental assessment considers greenhouse gaseous (GHG) emissions as a comparative parameter for different thermochemical processes. Several approaches exist for measuring greenhouse gaseous emissions, mainly CO, CO2, N2O, and CH4, from thermochemical reactors. This text recommends monitoring equipment and techniques to monitor and eliminate greenhouse gaseous emissions in thermochemical reaction such as pyrolysis and gasification.
  • 717
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Low-Pressure Membrane Systems
Peristaltic pumping is used in membrane applications where high and sterile sealing is required. Control is difficult due to the pulsating pump characteristics and the time-varying properties of the system. Three artificial intelligenge techniques (artificial neural networks, fuzzy-logic expert systems and fuzzy-loguc local models) were used to regulate pressure and crossflow velocity in a microfiltration process with humic acid fouling. All techniques were able to control de plant but with different control performance.  three artificial intelligence control strategies (artificialneural networks (ANN), fuzzy logic expert systems, and fuzzy-integrated local models) were usedto regulate transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity in a microfiltration system under highfouling conditions.  three artificial intelligence control strategies (artificialneural networks (ANN), fuzzy logic expert systems, and fuzzy-integrated local models) were usedto regulate transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity in a microfiltration system under highfouling conditions.
  • 713
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Production
Among the various fuel sources, hydrogen is often referred to as the “fuel of the future”, with a high energy density of 140 MJ kg−1, which is more than twice that of conventional solid fuels (50 MJ kg−1). Typically, electrocatalysts are chosen based on their specific characteristics such as particle size, pore structure, good electrical conductivity with high surface area, and corrosion stability under oxidizing conditions.
  • 711
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Metal–Organic Frameworks and Gas Hydrate Synergy
Metal–organic frameworks consist of metal nodes and organic linkers connected by coordination bonds to form programmable modular structures that are symmetric and have tunable properties. Metal–organic frameworks, also known as microporous or nanoporous materials, provide a large pore volume and surface area suitable for capturing, separating and storing gases through physisorption mechanisms. However, water and water interactions within the nanopores, open metal sites, coordination bonds and surface make metal–organic framework usage in water-based technologies an exciting research topic. Water-based gas hydrate technology could be potential technology that can take advantage of MOF tunable properties, such as a large surface area and a high pore volume, to improve its efficiency and formation mechanism.
  • 703
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen Production from Bio-Alcohols
Energy and environmental issues are of great importance in the present era. The transition to renewable energy sources necessitates technological, political, and behavioral transformations. Hydrogen is a promising solution, and many countries are investing in the hydrogen economy. The incorporation of hydrogen for efficient energy transport and storage and its integration into the transport sector are crucial measures. However, to fully develop a hydrogen-based economy, the sustainability and safety of hydrogen in all its applications must be ensured. 
  • 696
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
From Shallow to Deep Bioprocess Hybrid Modeling
Hybrid neural network (HNN)  modeling is the combination of artificial neural networks (ANNs) with prior knowledge in a mathematical framework. There are two main approaches to incorporating prior knowledge: design and training methods. Design approaches use prior knowledge to define the network structure, while training approaches use it to guide parameter estimation. Both approaches reduce data dependency, making models less sensitive to sparse and noisy data, and improving their descriptive and predictive capabilities compared to pure ANNs. HNNs are a powerful tool for understanding complex processes like bioprocesses and accelerating product development. Bioprocess modeling is challenging due to nonlinearity, dynamics, and uncertainty. Traditional models based on physical and chemical laws can be overly simplistic or hard to calibrate. Data-driven ANN models lack interpretability and generalization. HNNs combine the strengths of both approaches, enhancing the accuracy, robustness, and efficiency of bioprocess modeling by integrating prior knowledge with ANNs.
  • 685
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Recovery of Metals of Interest from Solid Matrices
The concept of solid matrices refers to a diverse range of waste materials generated from various sources, including agricultural, municipal, and industrial activities. These solid matrices often contain a significant amount of valuable metals, but their recovery can be challenging due to their complex composition and low metal concentration.
  • 663
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Society 5.0 Resources
Society 5.0 represents an evolution from the industrial focus of Industry 4.0, aiming for a harmonious balance between technological progress and human-centric values, consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. In the endeavor to propel Society 5.0 forward, achieving a profound comprehension of its core resources takes center stage. These resources encompass a wide spectrum, ranging from the tangible and technological elements to the intangible facets deeply intertwined with human-centric considerations.
  • 661
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Solid Matrices as a Metal Source
Metal recovery through recycling refers to reprocessing waste into new metal products to reduce greenhouse gas emission levels, conserve natural resources, and manage energy consumption. In Europe, metal recycling in household solid waste is integral to sustainable waste management. Metal supply depends on specific geological, physical, and industrial conditions, so one supply metric does not fit all metals. With waste production, a growing pool of metals is created, a pool of renewable resources that can replace limited metals from enrichment deposits in the geosphere.
  • 659
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Progress of Dispersants for Coal Water Slurry
This article provides a comprehensive review of existing coal water slurry dispersants, and points out the existing problems and possible future development directions.
  • 656
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Physical Factors Affecting Electronic-Nose Sensor Responses
Electronic noses (e-noses) are devices that mimic the olfactory system by combining nonspecific gas sensors’ responses to identify a specific odor or a smell-print. This technology is based on interactions between gas sensors and volatile chemical compounds, both organic (VOCs) and inorganic, such as NH3, H2S, or greenhouse gases, generally representing a class of compounds with high vapor pressure at room temperature responsible for odor perception. As these volatile compounds usually result from chemical reactions, their detection can be used to monitor processes in different fields of application, including the food industry, for monitoring food quality and production; healthcare, for monitoring changes in metabolic processes; or environmental studies, for monitoring industrial emissions and their impact on citizens’ daily life. 
  • 640
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Current Aviation Fuel Production
For jet fuel, the aviation industry primarily uses two types of fuel: aviation gasoline and aviation kerosene. Aviation gasoline, also known as AVGAS, is derived from the distillation of crude oil in the range between 30 and 170 °C. AVGAS is normally used in small aircraft, such as private aviation, agricultural, and pilot training. Aviation kerosene is also a petroleum distillation product obtained in the range between 150 and 300 °C. This fuel is more suitable in aircraft engines for energy generation through combustion, used in many commercial and military aircraft.
  • 635
  • 03 Nov 2023
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