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Topic Review
Thermochromic Smart Windows Assisted by Photothermal Nanomaterials
Thermochromic smart windows are optical devices that can regulate their optical properties actively in response to external temperature changes. Due to their simple structures and as they do not require other additional energy supply devices, they have great potential in building energy-saving.
  • 863
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Luminescent Properties of Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks
Lanthanide Metal–Organic Frameworks (LnMOFs) have developed into an interesting subclass of MOFs. LnMOFs have become interesting thanks to their outstanding properties, for example, excellent structural flexibility, tunable pore size, surface area, functionality, and good chemical stability. Significant progress in the preparation of MOF films has been achieved, especially towards the development of green, or at least greener, synthesis approaches.
  • 835
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Combinatorial Laser Technologies
Modification of metallic implants with biocompatible coatings is usually required to avoid premature loosening of prosthesis. Specific to the bone implant tissue, coatings with specific characteristics are proposed in order to provide optimal osseointegration. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) became a well-known physical vapor deposition technology that has been successfully applied to a large variety of biocompatible inorganic coatings for biomedical prosthetic applications. Matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) is a PLD-derived technology used for depositions of thin organic material coatings. In an attempt to surpass solvent related difficulties, when different solvents are used for blending various organic materials, combinatorial MAPLE was proposed to grow thin hybrid coatings, assembled in a gradient of composition. Thus, by applying combined laser technologies one may develop composite coatings with biomimetic features able to modulate cellular behaviour for tissue engineering or cancer research applications.
  • 826
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Special Wettability Metal–Organic Frameworks-Based Membranes for Oil–Water Separation
The presence of oily wastewater poses a significant threat to both the ecological environment and public health. In order to solve this problem, the design and preparation of an efficient oil–water separation membrane is very important. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are currently a promising material for oil–water separation due to their tunable wettability, adjustable pore size and also low density, high porosity, and high surface area. Therefore, MOFs-based membranes show great potential in the field of oil–water separation. 
  • 812
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Surface Modification of Magnesium-Based Materials
Mg-based materials, from a comprehensive consideration of energy storage performance, raw material reserves, and prices, have demonstrated potential industrial applications as large-scale hydrogen storage materials. Nevertheless, Mg-based materials also have obvious disadvantages: as a hydrogen storage material, the hydrogen absorption/desorption rate is insufficient, as well as the high hydrogen absorption/desorption temperatures; as the electrode material of Ni-MH batteries, the reactions of Mg with alkaline electrolyte and corrosion are the main problems for applications.
  • 811
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Orientation–Device Performance Relationship
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have great potential for future application. However, the commercialization of PSCs is limited by the prohibitively expensive and doped hole-transport materials (HTMs). In this regard, small molecular dopant-free HTMs are promising alternatives because of their low cost and high efficiency. However, these HTMs still have a lot of space for making further progress in both efficiency and stability.
  • 810
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors Based on Covalent Organic Frameworks
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are defined as crystalline organic polymers with programmable topological architectures using properly predesigned building blocks precursors. Since the development of the first COF in 2005, many works are emerging using this kind of material for different applications, such as the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors. COF shows superb characteristics, such as tuneable pore size and structure, permanent porosity, high surface area, thermal stability, and low density. Apart from these special properties, COF’s electrochemical behaviour can be modulated using electroactive building blocks. Furthermore, the great variety of functional groups that can be inserted in their structures makes them interesting materials to be conjugated with biological recognition elements, such as antibodies, enzymes, DNA probe, aptamer, etc. Moreover, the possibility of linking them with other special nanomaterials opens a wide range of possibilities to develop new electrochemical sensors and biosensors.
  • 801
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pd-Based Thin Films for Optical H2 Sensors
Pd-based optical H2 sensors (i.e., sensors employing Pd either as the main sensing material or for only catalyzing the dissociation of H2 before this is absorbed by the main sensing material) rely on probing either (1) intensity changes of the transmittance/reflectance or (2) frequency shifts of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) upon exposure of the sensing element to H2. Transmission/reflection sensors (discussed here) rely on changes in the optical properties of the sensing material upon exposure to H2, which can be easily probed by a simple light detector or a conventional optical spectrophotometer.
  • 787
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Tribocorrosion Behavior of Aluminum Alloys
Tribocorrosion is a material degradation process caused by the combined effect of wear and corrosion. The complexity of tribocorrosion lies in the fact that the chemical and mechanical attacks are not independent of each other but often act synergistically to cause accelerated failure.
  • 776
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Ferroelectric Oxides
Ferroelectric oxides can be insulators, metals, and even topological ferroelectric metals. Rare-earth-doped ferroelectric oxides exhibit efficient upconversion or downconversion luminescence in the range of ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR) regions. The combination of rare-earth ions and ferroelectric oxides has shown great potential in optical sensing, lighting, solar cells, and other applications. 
  • 776
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Biospeckle Analysis and Biofilm Electrostatic Tests
The development of more sensitive methodologies, capable of quickly detecting and monitoring a microbial population present in a specific biological matrix, as well as performing to allow for the study of all its metabolic changes (e.g., during the formation of biofilm) to occur, is an essential requirement for both well-being and the food industry. Two techniques, in particular, have gained the attention of scientists: The first is “biospeckle”, an optical technique representing an innovative tool for applications in food quality, food safety, and nutraceuticals.  A second technique with great chances is the “biofilm electrostatic test” (BET). BET undoubtedly represents a fast, simple, and highly reproducible tool suitable for admitting the evaluation of the in vitro bacterial capacity in order to adhere through an electrostatic interaction with a pyro-electrified carrier after only 2 h of incubation.
  • 765
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
VASE of Graphene-Based Films
The interaction of graphene oxide (GO) with magnetron-sputtered metals is a promising research area. VASE optical models of GO thin films deposited on magnetron-sputtered titanium (Ti), silver (Ag) and gold (Au) are discussed. Moreover, the optical properties of graphene nanoplatelet (GNPS) films and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) stabilized with Poly(Sodium 4-Styrenesulfonate) (PSS) films, which are less studied graphene-related materials, are shown. Finally, different optical behaviors of chemical vapor deposition (CVD)-grown monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer graphene films on silicon and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates are recapitulated.
  • 758
  • 22 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Proton-Conducting Zirconates in Electrochemical Hydrogen Devices
Hydrogen-based energy can play a vital role in this aspect. This energy is green, clean, and renewable. Electrochemical hydrogen devices have been used extensively in nuclear power plants to manage hydrogen-based renewable fuel. Doped zirconate materials are commonly used as an electrolyte in these electrochemical devices. These materials have excellent physical stability and high proton transport numbers, which make them suitable for multiple applications. Doping enhances the physical and electronic properties of zirconate materials and makes them ideal for practical applications. 
  • 755
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Strain Study of Cuprate Superconductors
Cuprate superconductors have attracted extensive attention due to their broad promising application prospects. Among the factors affecting superconductivity, the effect of strain cannot be ignored, which can significantly enhance or degrade superconductivity. The method of strain application, measurement techniques, and influences in detail are described.
  • 738
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Pathways to Create Containers for Bacteriophage Delivery
Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat. One of the possible ways to solve this problem is phage therapy, but the instability of bacteriophages hinders the development of this approach. A bacteriophage delivery system that stabilizes the phage is one of the possible solutions to this problem. 
  • 718
  • 23 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Cold Spraying in Burn Resistant Titanium Based Coatings
Titanium alloys are crucial lightweight materials; however, they are susceptible to spontaneous combustion under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, limiting their widespread use in aerospace engines. Improving the burn resistance of Ti alloys is essential for the structural safety and lightweight of aerospace equipment. Burn-resistant Ti alloys, such as Ti-V-Cr and Ti-Cu, however, face limitations such as high cost and low specific strength. Surface coatings provide a cost-effective solution while maintaining the high specific strength and good processability of the base material. Conventional surface treatments, such as laser cladding, result in defects and deformation of thin-walled parts. Cold spray technology offers a promising solution, as it uses kinetic energy to deposit coatings at low temperatures, avoiding defects and deformation. 
  • 702
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Preparation of Ceramic Phase-Reinforced High-Entropic Alloy Composite Coatings
The production of ceramic phase-reinforced high-entropy alloy composite coatings with excellent mechanical properties, high-temperature oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance via laser cladding is a new hotspot in the field of surface engineering. However, as high-entropy alloys have a wide range of constituent systems and different kinds of ceramic particles are introduced in different ways that give the coatings unique microscopic organization, structure, and synthesized performance, it is necessary to review the methods of preparing ceramic phase-reinforced high-entropy alloys composite coatings via laser cladding.
  • 687
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Natural Biopolymers Extracted from Biomass
Indeed, bio-based edible films and coatings have been indicated to be suitable for packaging fruits, vegetables, dairy, and meat-based products at a commercial level. Even though the bio-based polymers are promising.
  • 662
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Functional Protective Sustainable Coatings
To meet modern society’s requirements for sustainability and environmental protection, innovative and smart surface coatings are continually being developed to improve or impart surface functional qualities and protective features. These needs regard numerous different sectors, such as cultural heritage, building, naval, automotive, environmental remediation and textiles. In this regard, researchers and nanotechnology are therefore mostly devoted to the development of new and smart nanostructured finishings and coatings featuring different implemented properties, such as anti-vegetative or antibacterial, hydrophobic, anti-stain, fire retardant, controlled release of drugs, detection of molecules and mechanical resistance.
  • 644
  • 23 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Print-Light-Synthesis of Electrodes
Print-Light-Synthesis combines ink-based digital printing of thin liquid metal precursor films with high intensity light irradiation for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and metal films. The method is generally applied to produce two-dimensional patterns of metal nanoparticles by printing a thin liquid film containing one or more metal precursors onto a target substrate and immediately reducing the metal precursors to metal nanoparticles by light exposure of the as-deposited thin liquid film. The process must be adjusted in a way that (i) the precursor reduction is at least as fast as printing and (ii) the light intensity is sufficient for highly efficient photo-induced processes. Otherwise, incomplete metal precursor reduction will occur. The metal precursor inks do not contain any stabilizing agents that are generally added in alternative wet chemical methods for nanoparticle synthesis. Print-Light-Synthesis is designed in such a way that pure nanomaterials remain on the substrate, while all other ink components, such as the solvents and other dissolved species, generate gases or evaporate at moderate temperatures. The use of mask-less digital printing techniques provides a large flexibility in terms of pattern design, pattern modification, and process optimization. Inkjet printing provides a high control of the desired metal loading on the substrate, simply by adjusting the ink composition and printing parameters, such as number of droplets per substrate area. Films of separate nanoparticles, inter-connected nanoparticles and complex nanostructures can be prepared. Print-Light-Synthesis can be used to reduce or oxidise metal precursors, depending on the target oxidation state of the metal.
  • 616
  • 20 Jul 2023
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