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Topic Review
Systemic Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common liver primary tumor with a high rate of mortality.
  • 622
  • 11 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microglial Extracellular Vesicles for Brain Microenvironment in Glioma
Microglial cells represent the resident immune elements of the central nervous system, where they exert constant monitoring and contribute to preserving neuronal activity and function. In the context of glioblastoma (GBM), a common type of tumor originating in the brain, microglial cells deeply modify their phenotype, lose their homeostatic functions, invade the tumoral mass and support the growth and further invasion of the tumoral cells into the surrounding brain parenchyma. These modifications are, at least in part, induced by bidirectional communication among microglial and tumoral cells through the release of soluble molecules and extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs produced by GBM and microglial cells transfer different kinds of biological information to receiving cells, deeply modifying their phenotype and activity and could represent important diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. In GBM, microglial-derived EVs contribute to the immune suppression of the tumor microenvironment (TME), thus favoring GBM immune escape. 
  • 622
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Targeting Breast Cancer
Breast cancer became the most diagnosed cancer in the world in 2020. Chemotherapy is still the leading clinical strategy in breast cancer treatment, followed by hormone therapy (mostly used in hormone receptor-positive types).
  • 622
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Causes of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer occupies a significant position within the landscape of oncological diseases, captivating researchers and medical professionals alike. Its prominence can be attributed to a combination of factors that contribute to its scientific complexity and societal relevance. One of the primary facets that renders ovarian cancer intriguing is its multifaceted etiology, which involves intricate interactions between genetic predispositions, hormonal influences, and environmental factors.
  • 622
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Alterations in Thymic Epithelial Tumors
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are characterized by their extreme rarity and variable clinical presentation, with the inadequacy of the use of histological classification alone to distinguish biologically indolent from aggressive cases. The utilization of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to unravel the intricate genetic landscape of TETs could offer us a comprehensive understanding that is crucial for precise diagnoses, prognoses, and potential therapeutic strategies. Despite the low tumor mutational burden of TETS, NGS allows for exploration of specific genetic signatures contributing to TET onset and progression. Thymomas exhibit a limited mutational load, with prevalent GTF2I and HRAS mutations. On the other hand, thymic carcinomas (TCs) exhibit an elevated mutational burden, marked by frequent mutations in TP53 and genes associated with epigenetic regulation. 
  • 622
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Neoantigen mRNA Vaccine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment
A neoantigen mRNA vaccine is a personalized cancer vaccine that aims to target neoantigens. Neoantigens are unique antigens found on the surface of cancer cells due to somatic mutations. These genetic alterations are unique to each patient’s cancer, and the neoantigen mRNA vaccine is formulated by analyzing the patient’s tumor genome to pinpoint the mutations responsible for generating the neoantigens. The vaccine is then designed to encode these neoantigens, which are produced by the mutations, and delivered to the patient’s immune system via mRNA.
  • 622
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most aggressive form of brain cancer in adults, characterized by poor survival rates and lack of effective therapies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non‐coding RNAs that regulate gene expression post‐transcriptionally through specific pairing with target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell‐derived vesicles which transport miRNAs, mRNAs and intracellular proteins, and have been shown to promote horizontal malignancy into adjacent tissue, as well as resistance to conventional therapies. Furthermore, GB-derived EVs have distinct miRNA contents and are able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier and could be used as biomarkers, while EVs carrying specific miRNAs or miRNA inhibitors have great potential as therapeutic nanotools in GB.
  • 621
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Bioengineering Immunotherapeutics for the Treatment of Glioblastoma
Improvements in bioengineering methodology and tools have allowed for significant progress in the development of therapeutics and diagnostics in medicine, as well as progress in many other industries, such as materials manufacturing, food and agriculture, and consumer goods. Glioblastomas present significant challenges to adequate treatment, in part due to their immune-evasive nature. Rational-design bioengineering using novel scaffolds, bio-based materials, and inspiration across disciplines can push the boundaries in treatment development to create effective therapeutics for glioblastomas.
  • 620
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Role of ctDNA in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, while circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is DNA released by the tumor into the bloodstream and can accurately reflect this heterogeneity. In breast cancer, it is used mainly in research or in clinical trials, but it will likely be used in routine clinical practice once certain issues have been worked out and methods of analysis have been improved and standardized. Breast cancer classification and treatment selection are now based on analysis of the tumor but circulating tumor DNA carries many features of the original tumor and can be analyzed from a simple, non-invasive blood extraction.
  • 620
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-Targeting Radiolabelled Imaging Probes
As malignancies still represent one of the major health concerns worldwide, early tumor identification is among the priorities of today’s science. Given the strong association between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGE2 receptors (EPs), and carcinogenesis, target-specific molecules directed towards the components of the COX2/PGE2/EP axis seem to be promising imaging probes in the diagnostics of PGE2pos. neoplasms and in the design of anti-cancer drugs. 
  • 620
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Oligoprogression in Patients Harboring ALK Rearrangements
The growing efficacy and availability of new targeted systemic therapies have markedly improved the prognosis of metastatic lung cancer patients harboring ALK rearrangements. The use of effective targeted therapies capable of maintaining a prolonged control of disease, for as long as possible, is paramount to ensure the best survival outcomes. In this regard, in cases of oligoprogression, “beyond progression” systemic treatment added to local ablative therapies is considered a feasible option in an attempt to improve the quality and quantity of patients’ lives, even if based on retrospective data. Certainly, treatment of ALK rearranged lung cancer patients with oligoprogressive disease must be individualized and based on multidisciplinary decisions. Above all, when further molecular targeted therapies are available, options must always be evaluated, especially in case of cerebral progression.
  • 619
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Therapy of Parathyroid Carcinoma
Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is an extremely rare endocrine malignancy of the parathyroid glands, representing about 1% of all parathyroid tumors and one of the rarest causes of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), and generally presenting more severe symptomatic hypercalcemia than its benign counterparts (hyperplasia and adenoma), with marked skeletal and renal complications, including osteoporosis, fragility fracture, osteitis fibrosa cystica, and nephrolithiasis. This tumor has aggressive behavior and high metastatic potential. 
  • 619
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Primary Resistance to EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
The discovery of the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has revolutionized lung cancer therapy. Although almost all responders acquire drug resistance within a few years, many studies have revealed several acquired-resistant mechanisms and developed therapeutic strategies countervailing them, most notably against the EGFR T790M gatekeeper mutation. However, little progress has been made in terms of elucidating the mechanisms of primary resistance. Primary resistance may be defined into two types of resistance, clinically representing patients that do not respond (non-responders) to EGFR-TKIs.
  • 619
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Modulating Androgen Receptor Activity in Breast Cancer Treatment
The androgen receptor (AR) is a steroid hormone receptor widely detected in breast cancer. Evidence suggests that the AR might be a tumor suppressor in estrogen receptor alpha-positive (ERα+ve) breast cancer but a tumor promoter in estrogen receptor alpha-negative (ERα-ve) breast cancer. Modulating AR activity could be a potential strategy for treating breast cancer.
  • 619
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Laser Immunotherapy for Keratinocyte Carcinoma
In light of expanding incidences of keratinocyte carcinoma (KC) with many patients developing multiple tumors, the demand for new treatment modalities is high. With the approval of cemplimab for locally advanced and metastasizing basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, KC is now included as an indication for systemic immunotherapy. At present, however, systemic KC therapy remains limited by the severe side effects associated with treatment. Immunotherapy might be more broadly applied if locally administered. Localized to the skin, KCs are easily accessible to topical drugs and physical interventions such as laser. There is an increasing appreciation of lasers’ potential to activate an immune response. Further enhancement of the laser-based immune activation might be obtained by combining laser and immunotherapeutic agents, known as laser immunotherapy.
  • 618
  • 12 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Linc-ROR in Cancer and Disease
Cancer is responsible for more than 10 million deaths every year. Metastasis and drug resistance lead to a poor survival rate and are a major therapeutic challenge. Substantial evidence demonstrates that an increasing number of long non-coding RNAs are dysregulated in cancer, including the long intergenic non-coding RNA, regulator of reprogramming (linc-ROR), which mostly exerts its role as an onco-lncRNA acting as a competing endogenous RNA that sequesters micro RNAs.
  • 618
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Associated Long Non-Coding RNAs in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs are newly described molecules that have extensive roles in breast cancer. Emerging reports have shown that there is a strong link between these RNAs and the hypoxic response of breast cancer cells, which may be an important factor for enhanced tumoral progression.
  • 617
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Oncogenic miRNAs in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis
Both clinical samples and cancer cell lines provide researchers with an insight into the complex structure and hierarchy of cancer. Intratumor heterogeneity allows for multiple cancer cell subpopulations to simultaneously coexist within tumors. One category of these cancer cell subpopulations is cancer stem cells (CSCs), which possess stem-like characteristics and are not easily detectable. In the case of breast cancer, which is the most prevalent cancer type among females, such subpopulations of cells have been isolated and characterized via specific stem cell markers. These stem-like cells, known as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), have been linked to major events during tumorigenesis including invasion, metastasis and patient relapse following conventional therapies. Complex signaling circuitries seem to regulate the stemness and phenotypic plasticity of BCSCs along with their differentiation, evasion of immunosurveillance, invasiveness and metastatic potential. Within these complex circuitries, new key players begin to arise, with one of them being a category of small non-coding RNAs, known as miRNAs.
  • 617
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Intracellular Antibodies for Drugs and Drug Discovery
The application of antibodies in cells was first shown in the early 1990s, and subsequently, the field of intracellular antibodies has expanded to encompass antibody fragments and their use in target validation and as engineered molecules that can be fused to moieties (referred to as warheads) to replace the Fc effector region of a whole immunoglobulin to elicit intracellular responses, such as cell death pathways or protein degradation. These various forms of intracellular antibodies have largely been used as research tools to investigate function within cells by perturbing protein activity. New applications of such molecules are on the horizon, namely their use as drugs per se and as templates for small-molecule drug discovery. The former is a potential new pharmacology that could harness the power and flexibility of molecular biology to generate new classes of drugs (herein referred to as macrodrugs when used in the context of disease control). Delivery of engineered intracellular antibodies, and other antigen-binding macromolecules formats, into cells to produce a therapeutic effect could be applied to any therapeutic area where regulation, degradation or other kinds of manipulation of target proteins can produce a therapeutic effect.
  • 616
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Regulation and Oncogenic Functions of TSPAN8
Tetraspanins, a superfamily of small integral membrane proteins, are characterized by four transmembrane domains and conserved protein motifs that are configured into a unique molecular topology and structure in the plasma membrane. They act as key organizers of the plasma membrane, orchestrating the formation of specialized microdomains called “tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs)” or “tetraspanin nanodomains” that are essential for mediating diverse biological processes. TSPAN8 is one of the earliest identified tetraspanin members. It is known to interact with a wide range of molecular partners in different cellular contexts and regulate diverse molecular and cellular events at the plasma membrane, including cell adhesion, migration, invasion, signal transduction, and exosome biogenesis. The functions of cell-surface TSPAN8 are governed by ER targeting, modifications at the Golgi apparatus and dynamic trafficking. Intriguingly, limited evidence shows that TSPAN8 can translocate to the nucleus to act as a transcriptional regulator. The transcription of TSPAN8 is tightly regulated and restricted to defined cell lineages, where it can serve as a molecular marker of stem/progenitor cells in certain normal tissues as well as tumors. 
  • 616
  • 22 Jan 2024
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