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Topic Review
Shape Memory Alloy Reinforced Self-Healing Metal Matrix Composites
Shape-memory alloys (SMAs) are among the newest and most popular smart/intelligent materials that can recover their original shape when heated above a critical temperature. Self-healing refers to the remarkable ability of a material to repair damage inflicted upon it, such as cracks or voids. A Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) is a composite material that consists of at least two constituent parts: a metal (or alloy) matrix and typically a ceramic or metallic reinforcement (which can be particles, fibers, or whiskers) to enhance strength, stiffness, and other specific properties.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sex, Asthma and Exercise
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is a common complication of athletes and individuals who exercise regularly. It is estimated that about 90% of patients with underlying asthma (a sexually dimorphic disease) experience EIB; however, sex differences in EIB have not been studied extensively. With the goal of better understanding the prevalence of EIB in males and females, and because atopy has been reported to occur at higher rates in athletes, in this study, we investigated sex differences in EIB and atopy in athletes. A systematic literature review identified 60 studies evaluating EIB and/or atopy in post-pubertal adult athletes (n = 7501). Collectively, these studies reported: (1) a 23% prevalence of EIB in athletes; (2) a higher prevalence of atopy in male vs. female athletes; (3) a higher prevalence of atopy in athletes with EIB; (4) a significantly higher rate of atopic EIB in male vs. female athletes. Our analysis indicates that the physiological changes that occur during exercise may differentially affect male and female athletes, and suggest an interaction between male sex, exercise, and atopic status in the course of EIB. Understanding these sex differences is important to provide personalized management plans to athletes with underlying asthma and/or atopy.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Eosinophilic Esophagitis
Eosinophilic esophagitis is a recently recognized allergic-mediated disease with eosinophil-predominant esophagus inflammation. Its pathogenesis is a complicated network of interactions and signaling between epithelial, mesenchymal, and immune cells on molecular and intercellular levels.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Ramchandra Pode
I am involved in the field of organic light emitting devices since 2002. I also worked as visiting Scientist at Korea Electronics Technology Institute, South Korea in 2003 and 2005 (Brain Pool, KOFST) on OLEDs devices. I am specialized in Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLEDs) devices and displays and acquired enough expertize to conduct the research project on OLEDs. During these years, I have published around 65 research articles in various SCI journals of repute. In addition, I have contributed chapters to two books on OLEDs.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Headache
Headaches are common complaints in children. The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version), defines more than 280 types of headaches. Primary headaches refer to independent conditions that cause pain and include migraine, tension-type headaches (TTH) and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs). Several agents are involved in the pathogenesis of headaches. The factors associated with predisposition to atherosclerosis seem to be particularly important from the clinical point of view. The influence of obesity on the incidence of headaches has been well established. Moreover, idiopathic headaches, especially migraine, are thought to be one of the first signs of disorders in lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis. The risk of migraine increases with increasing obesity in children. Another factor that seems to be involved in both obesity and headaches is the adiponectin level.This review presents the current knowledge on the relationship between obesity and adiponectin and primary headaches.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cerrado Ecosystems
The Cerrado is the richest savanna in the world and is undergoing one of the planet’s most rapid land transformations for pasture and agriculture; around 45% of the biome has been deforested. Agriculture is of strategic importance to Brazil, but it also modifies ecosystems and jeopardizes habitats and biodiversity. Well-managed agricultural lands can have a favorable impact on environmental conservation.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Effervescence-Assisted Microextraction
Effervescence-assisted microextraction emerged in 2011 as a new alternative in this context. The technique uses in situ-generated carbon dioxide as the disperser, and it has been successfully applied in the solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction fields. This minireview explains the main fundamentals of the technique, its potential and the main developments reported.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Affinity Sensors for COVID-19 Diagnosis
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was proclaimed a global pandemic in March 2020. Reducing the dissemination rate, in particular by tracking the infected people and their contacts, is the main instrument against infection spreading. Therefore, the creation and implementation of fast, reliable and responsive methods suitable for the diagnosis of COVID-19 are required. These needs can be fulfilled using affinity sensors, which differ in applied detection methods and markers that are generating analytical signals. Recently, nucleic acid hybridization, antigen-antibody interaction, and change of reactive oxygen species (ROS) level are mostly used for the generation of analytical signals, which can be accurately measured by electrochemical, optical, surface plasmon resonance, field-effect transistors, and some other methods and transducers.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Natural Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites
In the last ten years, environmental consciousness has increased worldwide, leading to the development of eco-friendly materials to replace synthetic ones. Natural fibers are extracted from renewable resources at low cost. Their combination with synthetic polymers as reinforcement materials has been an important step forward in that direction. The sustainability and excellent physical and biological (e.g., biocompatibility, antimicrobial activity) properties of these biocomposites have extended their application to the biomedical field. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Disabled Children in Disaster Management
The definition of disabilities varies widely, with different individuals and institutions having their own definitions. According to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF): “There remains, however, the difficult question of how best to refer to individuals who experience some degree of functional limitation or restriction. ICF uses the term ‘disability’ to denote a multidimensional phenomenon resulting from the interaction between people and their physical and social environment. For a variety of reasons, when referring to individuals, some prefer to use the term ‘people with disabilities while others prefer ‘disabled people’”. The definition of disaster means “a sudden calamitous event bringing great damage, loss, or destruction”. In the present work, disasters include both natural disasters (also known as natural hazards) and human-made emergencies. Natural disasters are natural events created by the natural forces of the earth, including earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, floods, wildfires, snowstorms, droughts, sinkholes, and climate change. Human-made emergencies are disastrous events caused by human actions, such as terrorist attacks, pandemic outbreaks, suicides, oil spills, nuclear leakages, and bomb explosions. Disaster management refers to government efforts to manage all kinds of hazards to ensure and protect the welfare of the people with the support of various partners, including voluntary organizations, businesses, and local communities.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Phytosterols in Italian-Standard Espresso Coffee
This entry aims to assess for the first time the content of phytosterols (PS) in espresso coffee (EC) to deepen the knowledge about the phytochemicals and health potentials of coffee brews
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
ULF-TENS on Myogenous Temporomandibular Dysfunction
Ultra-low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (ULF-TENS) is an active therapeutic device that affects relaxation of masticatory and mandibular postural muscles through applying low-frequency, low current stimulation of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and a branch of the superficial facial nerve.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
2D Nanomaterials for Optical Limiting
Due to the outstanding physical, chemical, electronic, and optical properties, ultra-thin 2D materials can be potentially utilized in a wide spectrum of applications, including catalysis, energy storage, sensors, biomedicine and electronics/optoelectronics, etc. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Additive Manufacturing Technology for Spare Parts Application
Spare parts management is an important part of many capital-intensive businesses, which have a direct impact on the availability of high-value capital assets. Lifecycles of advanced capital goods usually last many years, and more than 60% of their costs are related to management. Spare parts management of such goods is important because the downtime of the equipment for the lack of spare parts can cause a significant loss to the company.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 May 2022
Topic Review
Application of Sygen® in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathies
Diabetic peripheral neuropathies (DPNs) are conditions that impair the peripheral nervous system (PNS) component. These disorders may have numerous causes and are often presented in various forms. The monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) ganglioside, popularly known as Sygen, provides beneficial effects such as enhanced neuritic sprouting, neurotrophism, neuroprotection, anti-apoptosis, and anti-excitotoxic activity, being particularly useful in the treatment of neurological complications that arise from diabetes.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Aptamers as Theragnostic Tools in Prostate Cancer
Aptamers are DNA and RNA oligonucleotides that can adopt tridimensional structures that enable them to join specifically to any desired target. Aptamers are capable of binding to specific molecules including drugs, proteins, carbohydrates, cells, and viruses. Aptamers were first described in 1990, and since then several groups have used their binding properties to isolate a diversity of specific aptamers. Aptamers have been studied for treatment and detection of many diseases including cancer. In Prostate Cancer, numerous works have reported their use in the development of new approaches in diagnostics and treatment strategies. Aptamers have been joined with drugs or other specific molecules such as silencing RNAs (aptamer–siRNA chimeras) to specifically reduce the expression of oncogenes in prostate cancer (PCa) cells. These studies have shown good results in the early stages, more research is still needed to demonstrate the clinical value of aptamers in PCa. 
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Mohawk Warrior
Mohawk Warrior (also known as Great Clips Mohawk Warrior since 2017) is a monster truck currently racing in the Monster Jam professional monster truck racing series. It is currently driven by Bryce Kenny, and was originally driven by George Balhan, former An Escalade driver, who debuted in 2010 during the Monster Jam World Finals XI Encore in the Obsession Chassis. It features one of the first trucks a decoration on the roof, which is a Giant Mohawk. The truck is also a successor to An Escalade. It also has an NGK Spark Plugs flag at the back of the truck, and was replaced by the Great Clips flags in 2017. It is sponsored by Great Clips since Bryce Kenny became the new driver of Mohawk Warrior after Balhan retired from Monster Jam.
  • 1.3K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chlamydiae
The Chlamydiae are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa, and marine sediment forms not yet well understood. All of the Chlamydiae that humans have known about for many decades are obligate intracellular bacteria; in 2020 many additional Chlamydiae were discovered in ocean-floor environments, and it is not yet known whether they all have hosts. Historically it was believed that all Chlamydiae had a peptidoglycan-free cell wall, but studies in the 2010s demonstrated a detectable presence of peptidoglycan, as well as other important proteins. Among the Chlamydiae, all of the ones long known to science grow only by infecting eukaryotic host cells. They are as small as or smaller than many viruses. They are ovoid in shape and stain Gram-negative. They are dependent on replication inside the host cells; thus, some species are termed obligate intracellular pathogens and others are symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa. Most intracellular Chlamydiae are located in an inclusion body or vacuole. Outside cells, they survive only as an extracellular infectious form. These Chlamydiae can grow only where their host cells grow, and develop according to a characteristic biphasic developmental cycle. Therefore, clinically relevant Chlamydiae cannot be propagated in bacterial culture media in the clinical laboratory. They are most successfully isolated while still inside their host cells. Of various Chlamydiae that cause human disease, the two most important species are Chlamydia pneumoniae, which causes a type of pneumonia, and Chlamydia trachomatis, which causes chlamydia. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the United States, and 2.86 million chlamydia infections are reported annually.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TMEM39B
Transmembrane protein 39B (TMEM39B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene TMEM39B. TMEM39B is a multi-pass membrane protein with eight transmembrane domains. The protein localizes to the plasma membrane and vesicles. The precise function of TMEM39B is not yet well-understood by the scientific community, but differential expression is associated with survival of B cell lymphoma, and knockdown of TMEM39B is associated with decreased autophagy in cells infected with the Sindbis virus. Furthermore, the TMEM39B protein been found to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 ORF9C (also known as ORF14) protein. TMEM39B is expressed at moderate levels in most tissues, with higher expression in the testis, placenta, white blood cells, adrenal gland, thymus, and fetal brain.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Friendly Interactive Shell
The friendly interactive shell (fish) is a Unix shell that attempts to be more interactive and user-friendly than those with a longer history (i.e. most other Unix shells) or those formulated as function-compatible replacements for the aforementioned (e.g. zsh, the Falstad shell). The design goal of fish is to give the user a rich set of powerful features in a way that is easy to discover, remember, and use. fish is considered an "exotic shell", in that its syntax derives from neither the Bourne shell (ksh, Bash, zsh) nor the C shell (csh, tcsh). Also unlike previous shells, which disable certain features by default to save system resources, fish enables all features by default.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Nov 2022
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