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Topic Review
Inflammation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer, is prototypically an inflammation-driven cancer developing after years of inflammatory insults.
  • 636
  • 22 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Omics Approaches to Uncover Breast Cancer Alterations
Breast cancer (BC) has about 2.26 million new cases and has caused nearly 685,000 deaths worldwide in the 2020-2022, making it the most common diagnosed cancer type in the world. BC are intricate ecosystems formed by both the tumor microenvironment and malignant cells and its heterogeneity impacts on the response to treatment. Biomedical research has entered the era of massive omics data thanks to the high-throughput sequencing revolution, quick progress and widespread adoption. These technologies—liquid biopsy, transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, metabolomics, pharmaco-omics and Artificially Intelligence imaging—could help researchers and clinicians to better understand the formation and evolution of BC.
  • 636
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
EGFR-TKIs in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Almost 17% of Western patients affected by non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have an activating epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene mutation. Del19 and L858R are the most-common ones; they are positive predictive factors for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Osimertinib, a third-generation TKI, is the standard first-line therapy for advanced NSCLC patients with common EGFR mutations.
  • 636
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNAs in HNSCC
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an important role in the development and progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). These RNAs regulate the expression of coding genes.
  • 635
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Oncogenic miRNAs in Breast Cancer Progression and Metastasis
Both clinical samples and cancer cell lines provide researchers with an insight into the complex structure and hierarchy of cancer. Intratumor heterogeneity allows for multiple cancer cell subpopulations to simultaneously coexist within tumors. One category of these cancer cell subpopulations is cancer stem cells (CSCs), which possess stem-like characteristics and are not easily detectable. In the case of breast cancer, which is the most prevalent cancer type among females, such subpopulations of cells have been isolated and characterized via specific stem cell markers. These stem-like cells, known as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), have been linked to major events during tumorigenesis including invasion, metastasis and patient relapse following conventional therapies. Complex signaling circuitries seem to regulate the stemness and phenotypic plasticity of BCSCs along with their differentiation, evasion of immunosurveillance, invasiveness and metastatic potential. Within these complex circuitries, new key players begin to arise, with one of them being a category of small non-coding RNAs, known as miRNAs.
  • 635
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Primary Resistance to EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors
The discovery of the efficacy of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutated non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients has revolutionized lung cancer therapy. Although almost all responders acquire drug resistance within a few years, many studies have revealed several acquired-resistant mechanisms and developed therapeutic strategies countervailing them, most notably against the EGFR T790M gatekeeper mutation. However, little progress has been made in terms of elucidating the mechanisms of primary resistance. Primary resistance may be defined into two types of resistance, clinically representing patients that do not respond (non-responders) to EGFR-TKIs.
  • 635
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Genetic Alterations in Thymic Epithelial Tumors
Thymic epithelial tumors (TETs) are characterized by their extreme rarity and variable clinical presentation, with the inadequacy of the use of histological classification alone to distinguish biologically indolent from aggressive cases. The utilization of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) to unravel the intricate genetic landscape of TETs could offer us a comprehensive understanding that is crucial for precise diagnoses, prognoses, and potential therapeutic strategies. Despite the low tumor mutational burden of TETS, NGS allows for exploration of specific genetic signatures contributing to TET onset and progression. Thymomas exhibit a limited mutational load, with prevalent GTF2I and HRAS mutations. On the other hand, thymic carcinomas (TCs) exhibit an elevated mutational burden, marked by frequent mutations in TP53 and genes associated with epigenetic regulation. 
  • 635
  • 02 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SPINK1 in Cancers
Serine Peptidase Inhibitor Kazal Type 1 (SPINK1) is a secreted protein known as a protease inhibitor of trypsin in the pancreas. However, emerging evidence shows its function in promoting cancer progression in various types of cancer. SPINK1 modulated tumor malignancies and induced the activation of the downstream signaling of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in cancer cells, due to the structural similarity with epidermal growth factor (EGF). The discoverable SPINK1 somatic mutations, expressional signatures, and prognostic significances in various types of cancer have attracted attention as a cancer biomarker in clinical applications.
  • 634
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers for Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnosis
Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most frequent malignancy of the urinary system and is ranked the sixth most diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. Around 70–75% of newly diagnosed UC manifests as the non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) subtype, which can be treated by a transurethral resection of the tumor. However, patients require life-long monitoring due to its high rate of recurrence. The current gold standard for UC diagnosis, prognosis, and disease surveillance relies on a combination of cytology and cystoscopy, which is invasive, costly, and associated with comorbidities. Hence, there is considerable interest in the development of highly specific and sensitive urinary biomarkers for the non-invasive early detection of UC. In this review, we assess the performance of current diagnostic assays for UC and highlight some of the most promising biomarkers investigated to date. We also highlight some of the recent advances in single-cell technologies that may offer a paradigm shift in the field of UC biomarker discovery and precision diagnostics.
  • 634
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
PET/MRI in Cervical Cancer
Early detection of gynecological malignancies is vital for patient management and prolonging the patient’s survival. Molecular imaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography, has been increasingly utilized in gynecological malignancies. PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables the assessment of gynecological malignancies by combining the metabolic information of PET with the anatomical and functional information from MRI. Cervical cancer is one of the tumors that demonstrate heterogeneity to hypoxia. PET/MRI has been established to assess the tumor response in cervical cancer, and its capability is questionable in the case of ovarian tumors.
  • 634
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Biological Understandings of Pathogenesis
The biology underlying development of myeloid sarcomas (MS) remains poorly defined with no clear molecular determinants. Biological features such as cytogenetic changes, molecular abnormalities, and cell surface marker expression are not consistent across studies. Myeloid sarcomas (MS), commonly referred to as chloromas, are extramedullary tumors of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with varying incidence and influence on outcomes. Pediatric MS has both a higher incidence and unique clinical presentation, cytogenetic profile, and set of risk factors compared to adult patients. The development of MS appears to require leukemia mobilization/release from the marrow environment, tissue invasion, and further changes leading to a tumor/mass phenotype.
  • 634
  • 14 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Targeting the Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent tumors among women. Its prognosis and treatment outcomes depend on factors related to tumor cell biology. Studies have revealed the critical role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the development, progression, and treatment response of breast cancer. 
  • 634
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
HRQOL and Cognition Evaluations for Brain Metastases Patients
Brain metastases (BMs) are the most common brain malignancy and are projected to increase in incidence. Historically, brain metastasis studies have focused on improving survival outcomes, but the importance of evaluating health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and cognitive function has gained recognition.
  • 634
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
PARP Inhibitors and ICIs in Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) has a high impact on morbidity and mortality in the female population. Survival is modest after platinum progression. Therefore, the search for new therapeutic strategies is of utmost importance. BRCA mutations and HR-deficiency occur in around 50% of OC, leading to increased response and survival after Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPis) administration. PARPis represent a breakthrough for OC therapy, with three different agents approved. On the contrary, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), another breakthrough therapy for many solid tumors, led to modest results in OC, without clinical approvals and even withdrawal of clinical trials. Therefore, combinations aiming to overcome resistance mechanisms have become of great interest.
  • 633
  • 12 May 2022
Topic Review
Irinotecan as an Anticancer Drug
Irinotecan (SN-38) is a potent and broad-spectrum anticancer drug that targets DNA topoisomerase I (Top1). It exerts its cytotoxic effects by binding to the Top1-DNA complex and preventing the re-ligation of the DNA strand, leading to the formation of lethal DNA breaks. Following the initial response to irinotecan, secondary resistance is acquired relatively rapidly, compromising its efficacy. There are several mechanisms contributing to the resistance, which affect the irinotecan metabolism or the target protein. 
  • 633
  • 29 May 2023
Topic Review
FDA Approved Antibody–Drug Conjugates
Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are an innovative family of agents assembled through linking cytotoxic drugs (payloads) covalently to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to be delivered to tumor tissue that express their particular antigen, with the theoretical advantage of an augmented therapeutic ratio.
  • 633
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-Targeting Radiolabelled Imaging Probes
As malignancies still represent one of the major health concerns worldwide, early tumor identification is among the priorities of today’s science. Given the strong association between cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGE2 receptors (EPs), and carcinogenesis, target-specific molecules directed towards the components of the COX2/PGE2/EP axis seem to be promising imaging probes in the diagnostics of PGE2pos. neoplasms and in the design of anti-cancer drugs. 
  • 632
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Phytochemicals in Cancer Treatment and Cancer Prevention
Phytochemicals are a non-nutritive substances that are present in plants and contribute significantly to their flavor and color. These biologically active compounds are classified into five major groups, namely phenolics, carotenoids, organosulfur compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, and alkaloids, and are known for their potential health benefits in the prevention of various diseases, including cancer.
  • 632
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression in Secondary Care
Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) represents an oncological emergency and clinicians should be aware of the potential long-term neurological impact. Urgent diagnosis and treatment is still challenging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the whole spine is the imaging method of choice that should be carried out within 24 h of clinical suspicion. Steroid therapy is administered immediately after the establishment of diagnosis, followed by definitive treatment, which may include any combination of surgery and/or radiotherapy (RT). Treatment should ideally be initiated within 24 h of the confirmed MSCC. Trainees require further teaching to improve their knowledge. Equally, oncological patients should be aware of the signs and symptoms of MSCC in order to optimise early detection.
  • 632
  • 30 Sep 2023
Topic Review
cfDNA and ctDNA as Oncologic Markers
The detection of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in liquid biopsy samples as an oncological marker is being used in clinical trials at every step of clinical management. As ctDNA-based liquid biopsy kits are developed and used in clinics, companies work towards increased convenience, accuracy, and cost over solid biopsies and other oncological markers. The technology used to differentiate ctDNA and cell-free DNA (cfDNA) continues to improve with new tests and methodologies being able to detect down to mutant allele frequencies of 0.001% or 1/100,000 copies. 
  • 632
  • 04 Sep 2023
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