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Topic Review
The Microbiome in the Obesity-Breast Cancer Axis
A large body of evidence has demonstrated a significant link between obesity and cancer risk. Adipose tissue, conventionally viewed as a passive reservoir for energy storage, is now recognized as a highly secretory endocrine organ that produces various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, estrogens, and other bioactive molecules. Obesity, characterized by adipose tissue hypertrophy (increase in adipocyte size) and hyperplasia (increase in adipocyte number), causes the dysregulation of adipose tissue hormonal production, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation that can contribute to the initiation and progression of breast cancer, particularly among postmenopausal women. Furthermore, obesity-related metabolic changes can influence the composition of the gut microbiome, leading to dysbiosis, which may further affect breast cancer risk and outcomes. Over the past two decades, following advancements in DNA sequencing technologies, the microbiome has been recognized as a major factor in maintaining health. The interaction between the microbiome and the host organism is a dynamic bidirectional relationship, where disruptions in the microbiome reflect the host’s health and vice versa: modifications to the health status of the host lead to corresponding microbiome changes.
  • 665
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cutting-Edge Therapies for Lung Cancer
Lung cancer remains a formidable global health challenge that necessitates inventive strategies to improve its therapeutic outcomes. The conventional treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, have demonstrated limitations in achieving sustained responses. Therefore, exploring novel approaches encompasses a range of interventions that show promise in enhancing the outcomes for patients with advanced or refractory cases of lung cancer. These groundbreaking interventions can potentially overcome cancer resistance and offer personalized solutions.
  • 665
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Exosomes and Tumor Microenvironment
Exosomes are cell-secreted nanoparticles containing various molecules including small vesicles, microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNAs or bioactive proteins which are thought to be of paramount importance for intercellular communication. The unique effects of exosomes in terms of cell penetration capacity, decreased immunogenicity and inherent stability, along with their key role in mediating information exchange among tumor cells and their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), render them a promising platform for drug targeted delivery.
  • 664
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
The Tumor Microenvironment of Osteosarcoma
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common bone tumor in the pediatric population. Currently, no effective molecularly targeted therapies are available for OS. The OS tumor grows in a very complex and dynamic bone microenvironment consisting of cellular and noncellular components, including bone cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes), stromal cells (mesenchymal stem cells and fibroblasts), vascular cells (endothelial cells and pericytes), immune cells (myeloid and lymphoid cells), and mineralized extracellular matrix (ECM). Myeloid cells are the most abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of OS. A single-cell analysis showed multiple ligand–receptor interactions between OS tumor, myeloid, and osteoblast cells, including 21 ligand–receptor gene pairs that are significantly associated with survival outcomes. The TME not only provides favorable conditions for tumor cell growth but also releases a range of elements, including various cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, that can promote the metastasis of tumor cells to other tissues and organs. 
  • 664
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Harnessing Glutamine: Strategies and Perspectives in Cancer Therapy
Glutamine, a multifaceted nonessential/conditionally essential amino acid integral to cellular metabolism and immune function, holds pivotal importance in the landscape of cancer therapy.
  • 664
  • 25 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Metabolic Volume Measurements in Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma (MM) accounts for 10–15% of all hematologic malignancies, as well as 20% of deaths related to hematologic malignant tumors, predominantly affecting bone and bone marrow. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET/CT) is an important method to assess the tumor burden of these patients. It is often challenging to classify the extent of disease involvement in the PET scans for many of these patients because both focal and diffuse bone lesions may coexist, with varying degrees of FDG uptake. Different metrics involving volumetric parameters and texture features have been proposed to objectively assess these images.
  • 663
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Head and Neck Cancer
Telomerase, a specialized reverse transcriptase, is a large multi-subunit ribonucleoprotein complex that synthesizes telomeric DNA sequences and provides a molecular basis for unlimited proliferative potential. Several mechanisms could activate telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the most common of which is promoter alternation. Two major hotspot TERT promoter mutations (C228T and C250T) have been reported in different malignancies such as melanoma, genitourinary cancers, CNS tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma, thyroid cancers, sarcomas, and HNCs. The frequencies of TERT promoter mutations vary widely across tumors and is quite high in HNCs (11.9–64.7%).
  • 663
  • 07 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Monoclonal Antibody-Based First-Line Treatment in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide and one of the main causes of cancer-related death. While surgical treatment is the only curative option for early disease, many have inoperable or advanced disease at diagnosis. Treatment in this case would be a combination of chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Gastro-esophageal (GEJ) and gastric cancer (GC) genetic profiling with molecular diagnostic techniques has significantly changed the therapeutic landscape in advanced cancers. The identification of key players in GEJ and GC survival and proliferation, such as human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), has allowed for the individualization of advanced cancer treatment and significant improvement in overall survival and progression-free survival of patients. 
  • 663
  • 31 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Metabolism of Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare cancer cell population, responsible for the facilitation, progression, and resistance of tumors to therapeutic interventions. This subset of cancer cells with stemness and tumorigenic properties is organized in niches within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and presents altered regulation in a variety of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as lipid, amino acid, and iron metabolism. 
  • 663
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Histopathology of Cervical HPV Lesions
Only after fully understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of HPV lesions and their interaction with different cofactors such as the microbiota will it be possible to define the most effective strategy for patients. The Pathologist and the HPV test allows identifying women with “high risk” to be included in personalized protocols and targeted follow-up in cynical practice.
  • 662
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Salivary Amino Acid Levels in Cancer
Amino acids, as a raw material for protein synthesis and a product of protein metabolism, enter the body or are synthesized endogenously. They play mainly physiological roles as major metabolites and regulators of metabolism among the most important compounds.
  • 662
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mutation Profile of Myelofibrosis
Myelofibrosis refers to fibrosis in the bone marrow associated with certain bone marrow cancers. It is a characteristic of primary myelofibrosis and may develop later in other bone marrow cancers with overproduction of blood cells, such as polycythemia vera and essential thrombocythemia. It has been confirmed that mutations in three key genes, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2), calreticulin (CALR), and myeloproliferative leukemia oncogene (MPL), can increase the activity of blood-producing cells, make them grow more actively, and are associated with the development of myelofibrosis. Approximately 80% of myelofibrosis cases carry additional mutations that often involve proteins that control how genes are turned on and off. The presence of mutations provides evidence of a cancerous process. The order in which these mutations occur can influence how the disease manifests. Studies have shown that fibrosis is secondary to the cancerous process and is closely linked to abnormal cell growth driven by mutations.
  • 662
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Determinants of Cancer-Induced Bone Pain
Cancer-related pain is arguably the most common consequences of this disease, significantly reducing quality of life and affecting the ability to complete everyday tasks and live a normal life. Among these, cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP) is one of the most prevalent, presenting as movement-related, constant or most commonly, in combination. Bone metastases can then induce CIBP in several ways, many of which are still under investigation. Indeed, bone is a richly innervated tissue, and sensitive neurons can be found in both the periosteum and the bone marrow.
  • 661
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Oral Microbiota in Head and Neck Cancers
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) comprises the majority of tumors in head and neck tissues. The prognosis of HNSCC has not significantly improved for decades, signifying the need for new diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Recent evidence suggests that oral microbiota is associated with carcinogenesis.
  • 661
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
LncRNA H19 Impairs Chemo and Radiotherapy in BC
Long non-coding RNAs, H19 in particular, have been revealed as powerful protective factors in various types of cancer, including breast cancer (BC).
  • 661
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Tumor-Derived Galectins
Current data indicates that anti-tumor T cell-mediated immunity correlates with a better prognosis in cancer patients. However, it has widely been demonstrated that tumor cells negatively manage immune attack by activating several immune-suppressive mechanisms.
  • 660
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Expression and Subcellular Localization of PCAT6
Prostate cancer-associated transcript 6 (PCAT6), as a newly discovered carcinogenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is abnormally expressed in multiple diseases. PCAT6 is also named KDM5B-AS1, KDM5BAS1, PCAN-R1, ncRNA-a2, or onco-lncRNA-96. It was first described as ncRNA-a2 in 2010. The gene of PCAT6 is located on chromosome 1q32.1 and contains two exons. It consists of 968 bp and has two transcript variants: transcript variant 1 (NR_046325.1) and transcript variant 2 (NR_046326.1).
  • 660
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
New Paradigms for Cytoreductive Nephrectomy
Cytoreductive surgery (CS) is performed to remove the primary tumor in the setting of metastatic disease. In metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), the role of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in the treatment paradigm has evolved, adjusting to new changes in systemic therapy agents. In particular, immunotherapeutic agents, which utilize the body’s own immune system to attack cancerous cells, have improved. Newer immunotherapy agents offer more effective treatments in mRCC, with the goal of more tolerable side effect profiles.
  • 660
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Transduction
Despite the remarkable progress in cancer treatment, we are far from conquering the disease. The most substantial change after the malignant transformation of normal cells into cancer cells is the alteration in their metabolism. Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to support the elevated energy demand as well as the acquisition and maintenance of their malignancy, even in nutrient-poor environments. The metabolic alterations, even under aerobic conditions, such as the upregulation of the glucose uptake and glycolysis (the Warburg effect), increase the ROS (reactive oxygen species) and glutamine dependence, which are the prominent features of cancer metabolism. Among these metabolic alterations, high glutamine dependency has attracted serious attention in the cancer research community. In addition, the oncogenic signaling pathways of the well-known important genetic mutations play important regulatory roles, either directly or indirectly, in the central carbon metabolism. The identification of the convergent metabolic phenotypes is crucial to the targeting of cancer cells. 
  • 660
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Non-Epithelial Ovarian Cancers
Non-epithelial ovarian cancers (NEOC) are a group of uncommon malignancies that mainly includes germ cell tumours (GCT), sex cord-stromal tumours (SCST), and some extremely rare tumours, such as small cell carcinomas and sarcomas. Each of these classifications encompasses multiple histologic subtypes. The aetiology and molecular origins of each sub-group of NEOC require further investigation, and our understanding on the genetic changes should be optimised.
  • 660
  • 15 Sep 2023
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