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Topic Review
Glioblastoma Biomarkers in Body Fluids
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and lethal primary brain cancer that necessitates early detection and accurate diagnosis for effective treatment and improved patient outcomes. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as imaging techniques and tissue biopsies, have limitations in providing real-time information and distinguishing treatment-related changes from tumor progression. Liquid biopsies, used to analyze biomarkers in body fluids, offer a non-invasive and dynamic approach to detecting and monitoring GBM.
  • 656
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Second-Generation Antiandrogen Therapy for Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer therapy for locally advanced and metastatic diseases includes androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Second-generation antiandrogens have a role in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Nevertheless, some patients do not respond to this therapy, and eventually all the patients became resistant. This is due to modifications to intracellular signaling pathways, genomic alteration, cytokines production, metabolic switches, constitutional receptor activation, overexpression of some proteins, and regulation of gene expression.
  • 656
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
ITK in TSCC
Interleukin-2–inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) is a member of the Tec family of non-receptor tyrosine kinases and is expressed in T-cells and mast cells.
  • 655
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
TKIs for NSCLC patients
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy across the world. The new era in lung cancer treatments, especially this past decade, has yielded novel categories of targeted therapy for specific mutations and adjuvant therapy, both of which have led to improved survival rates. 
  • 655
  • 03 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors and Immunotherapy in Cancer
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling networks serve to regulate a wide range of physiologic and cancer-associated cell processes. For instance, a variety of oncogenic mutations often lead to hyperactivation of MAPK signaling, thereby enhancing tumor cell proliferation and disease progression. As such, several components of the MAPK signaling network have been proposed as viable targets for cancer therapy.
  • 655
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SC and TE Treatment of Neurogenic Bladder Dysfunction
Tissue engineering (TE) is a rapidly evolving biomedical discipline that can play an important role in treating neurogenic bladder dysfunction and compensating for conventional options’ shortcomings. 
  • 654
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients: QOL
Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains incurable despite treatment improvements. The health-related quality of life is a multidimensional entity which covers physical, psychological and social dimensions. It is an important outcome particularly in patients with metastatic disease, as the primary goal of therapy is no longer curation, but to provide the best possible quality of life weighted against treatment risks and adverse symptoms. Patient-reported outcomes reflecting the quality of life are usually measured with validated questionnaires to evaluate treatment strategies based on symptom burden and to improve care delivery. This review shares insights into the role of patient-reported outcome measurements in MBC patients and describes the heterogeneity of current questionnaires. We conclude that an up-to-date and standardized outcome set is needed, containing relevant domains referring to individual needs to improve the quality of life assessment among MBC patients. This is a prerequisite to learn about how they could impact the clinical care pathway. 
  • 653
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Expression and Subcellular Localization of PCAT6
Prostate cancer-associated transcript 6 (PCAT6), as a newly discovered carcinogenic long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), is abnormally expressed in multiple diseases. PCAT6 is also named KDM5B-AS1, KDM5BAS1, PCAN-R1, ncRNA-a2, or onco-lncRNA-96. It was first described as ncRNA-a2 in 2010. The gene of PCAT6 is located on chromosome 1q32.1 and contains two exons. It consists of 968 bp and has two transcript variants: transcript variant 1 (NR_046325.1) and transcript variant 2 (NR_046326.1).
  • 653
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Second Tumors in Retinoblastoma Survivors after Ionizing Radiation
Retinoblastoma (RB) is the most common ocular neoplasm in children, whose development depends on two mutational events that occur in both alleles of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB1). Regarding the nature of these mutational events, RB can be classified as hereditary if the first event is a germline mutation and the second one is a somatic mutation in retina cells or nonhereditary if both mutational events occur in somatic cells. Although the rate of survival of RB is significantly elevated, the incidence of second malignant neoplasms (SMNs) is a concern, since SMNs are the main cause of death in these patients. Furthermore, evidence confirms that hereditary RB survivors are at a higher risk for SMNs than nonhereditary RB survivors. This risk seems to increase with the use of ionizing radiation in some therapeutic approaches commonly used in the treatment of RB.
  • 653
  • 20 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Role of GD3 Synthase ST8Sia I in Cancers
GD3 synthase controls the biosynthesis of complex gangliosides, bearing two or more sialic acid residues. Disialylated gangliosides GD3 and GD2 are tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACA) in neuro–ectoderm-derived cancers, and are directly involved in cell malignant properties, i.e., migration, invasion, stemness, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Since GD3 and GD2 levels are directly linked to GD3 synthase expression and activity, targeting GD3 synthase appears to be a promising strategy through which to interfere with ganglioside-associated malignant properties. 
  • 652
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Exosomes and Tumor Microenvironment
Exosomes are cell-secreted nanoparticles containing various molecules including small vesicles, microRNAs (miRNAs), messenger RNAs or bioactive proteins which are thought to be of paramount importance for intercellular communication. The unique effects of exosomes in terms of cell penetration capacity, decreased immunogenicity and inherent stability, along with their key role in mediating information exchange among tumor cells and their surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), render them a promising platform for drug targeted delivery.
  • 652
  • 07 Apr 2022
Topic Review
AI-Enhanced Diagnostical Pathway in Bladder Cancer Diagnosis
Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most diagnosed urological malignancies. A timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial at the first assessment as well as at the follow up after curative treatments. Moreover, in the era of precision medicine, proper molecular characterization and pathological evaluation are key drivers of a patient-tailored management.
  • 652
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Salivary Amino Acid Levels in Cancer
Amino acids, as a raw material for protein synthesis and a product of protein metabolism, enter the body or are synthesized endogenously. They play mainly physiological roles as major metabolites and regulators of metabolism among the most important compounds.
  • 652
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metabolism of Cancer Stem Cells
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare cancer cell population, responsible for the facilitation, progression, and resistance of tumors to therapeutic interventions. This subset of cancer cells with stemness and tumorigenic properties is organized in niches within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and presents altered regulation in a variety of metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), as well as lipid, amino acid, and iron metabolism. 
  • 652
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Microbiome in the Obesity-Breast Cancer Axis
A large body of evidence has demonstrated a significant link between obesity and cancer risk. Adipose tissue, conventionally viewed as a passive reservoir for energy storage, is now recognized as a highly secretory endocrine organ that produces various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, estrogens, and other bioactive molecules. Obesity, characterized by adipose tissue hypertrophy (increase in adipocyte size) and hyperplasia (increase in adipocyte number), causes the dysregulation of adipose tissue hormonal production, leading to chronic low-grade inflammation that can contribute to the initiation and progression of breast cancer, particularly among postmenopausal women. Furthermore, obesity-related metabolic changes can influence the composition of the gut microbiome, leading to dysbiosis, which may further affect breast cancer risk and outcomes. Over the past two decades, following advancements in DNA sequencing technologies, the microbiome has been recognized as a major factor in maintaining health. The interaction between the microbiome and the host organism is a dynamic bidirectional relationship, where disruptions in the microbiome reflect the host’s health and vice versa: modifications to the health status of the host lead to corresponding microbiome changes.
  • 652
  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
PARP-1 Expression/BRCA1 Mutations in Breast Cancer
Estimates have shown that approx. 70% of individuals with BRCA1 mutations will develop breast cancer by the age of 70. To make matters worse, breast cancer patients with BRCA1 mutations are more likely to have the more aggressive triple-negative breast cancer. PARPs, belong to a family of nuclear enzymes, which are involved in many cellular processes, including DNA repair. PARP inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of BRCA-mutated breast cancer. 
  • 650
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Transduction
Despite the remarkable progress in cancer treatment, we are far from conquering the disease. The most substantial change after the malignant transformation of normal cells into cancer cells is the alteration in their metabolism. Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to support the elevated energy demand as well as the acquisition and maintenance of their malignancy, even in nutrient-poor environments. The metabolic alterations, even under aerobic conditions, such as the upregulation of the glucose uptake and glycolysis (the Warburg effect), increase the ROS (reactive oxygen species) and glutamine dependence, which are the prominent features of cancer metabolism. Among these metabolic alterations, high glutamine dependency has attracted serious attention in the cancer research community. In addition, the oncogenic signaling pathways of the well-known important genetic mutations play important regulatory roles, either directly or indirectly, in the central carbon metabolism. The identification of the convergent metabolic phenotypes is crucial to the targeting of cancer cells. 
  • 650
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Non-Epithelial Ovarian Cancers
Non-epithelial ovarian cancers (NEOC) are a group of uncommon malignancies that mainly includes germ cell tumours (GCT), sex cord-stromal tumours (SCST), and some extremely rare tumours, such as small cell carcinomas and sarcomas. Each of these classifications encompasses multiple histologic subtypes. The aetiology and molecular origins of each sub-group of NEOC require further investigation, and our understanding on the genetic changes should be optimised.
  • 650
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Primary Melanoma of the Lung
Malignant melanoma (MM) is one of the most common malignancies of the skin, but it can potentially affect all areas of the human body.
  • 649
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Primary Skull Base Chondrosarcomas
Primary skull base chondrosarcomas (SBCs) may carry significant tumor-burden by causing severe cranial nerve neuropathies. Current treatment strategies mainly focus on surgical resection and radiotherapy protocols, with a wide range of findings in terms of efficacy and safety. 
  • 649
  • 12 Jan 2022
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