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Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex multisystem condition with metabolic, endocrine, psychological, fertility and pregnancy-related implications at all stages of life. The majority of women with PCOS manifest multiple metabolic features including obesity, insulin resistance (IR), hyperlipidemia and hyperandrogenism. PCOS results in an increased risk of developing metabolic disease (type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome), cardiovascular disease, cancer, a wide array of pregnancy complications (deep venous thrombosis, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, macrosomia, growth restriction, miscarriage, stillbirth and preterm labor) and psychological problems (anxiety, depression).
  • 570
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Work-Related Impacts of Cancer Caregiving
Individuals with cancer commonly rely on their informal caregivers (e.g., spouse/partner, family member, close friend) to help them manage the demands of the disease and its treatment. Caregiving, including helping with patient care, performing household chores, and providing emotional and practical support, can be particularly demanding for employed caregivers, who must juggle their work responsibilities while providing care. The work-related impacts of informal cancer caregiving that have been investigated in the literature include: (1) labor market withdrawal to provide care, (2) work modifications, (3) absenteeism, and, (4) presenteeism.
  • 568
  • 08 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Scientific Production on Health Literacy and Health Education
There has been an emphasis on the importance of health literacy (HL) and health education (HE) as basic tools to empower individuals and the community. The increasing interest in HL and HE has been observed through the evolution of publications and the nature of the main trends in the last few years. Knowing how HL and HE have evolved in scientific publications can help to identify trends and set  priorities in this scope.
  • 564
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Factors Influencing Vaccine Hesitancy among Visible Minority Groups
Vaccine hesitancy is one of the top ten threats to global health and is defined as the “delay in acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite availability of vaccine services”. It remains a major threat as it prevents the reduction of vaccine-preventable diseases.
  • 563
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Reducing Postpartum Weight Retention
Postpartum weight retention (PPWR) is a strong predictor of obesity in later life with long term health consequences in women. Suboptimal lifestyle behaviours (e.g. diet and physical activity) contribute to PPWR. Postpartum lifestyle interventions are known to be efficacious in reducing PPWR, however there are challenges to their successful implementation. 
  • 561
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Effect of PFAS Molecules for the Human Health
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 4700 heterogeneous compounds with amphipathic properties and exceptional stability to chemical and thermal degradation. The unique properties of PFAS compounds has been exploited for almost 60 years and has largely contributed to their wide applicability over a vast range of industrial, professional and non-professional uses. However, increasing evidence indicate that these compounds represent also a serious concern for both wildlife and human health as a result of their ubiquitous distribution, their extreme persistence and their bioaccumulative potential. In light of the adverse effects that have been already documented in biota and human populations or that might occur in absence of prompt interventions, the competent authorities in matter of health and environment protection, the industries as well as scientists are cooperating to identify the most appropriate regulatory measures, substitution plans and remediation technologies to mitigate PFAS impacts.
  • 561
  • 08 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Pollen on Adverse Respiratory Outcomes
Respiratory diseases such as asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affect millions worldwide and pose a significant global public health burden. Over the years, changes in land use and climate have increased pollen quantity, allergenicity and duration of the pollen season, thus increasing its impact on respiratory disease.
  • 561
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Risk Perception of Air Pollution
The adverse health effects of exposure to air pollutants, notably to particulate matter (PM), are well-known, as well as the association with measured or estimated concentration levels. The role of perception can be relevant in exploring effects and pollution control actions.
  • 561
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
High-Intensity Interval Training in Youth
Development of innovative and time-efficient strategies to involve youth in physical activity is pivotal in the actual inactivity pandemic. Moreover, physical activity may improve academic performance, of great interest for educators. This entry aimed to analyze the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognitive performance and psychological outcomes in youth. 
  • 556
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Work-Related Exhaustion in East and West Germany
Chronic exhaustion is a consequence of detrimental working conditions and demands, as well as inadequate coping techniques, potentially resulting in burnout. Previous research has studied occupational environment and individual factors as predictors of exhaustion. These differ between former East and West German states, the regional distinction regarding exhaustion has been neglected. 
  • 556
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19-Related Neuro Events and Adverse Outcome Pathways
Several reports have shown that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the potential to also be neurotropic. Four Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) leading to neurological adverse outcomes (AO), anosmia, encephalitis, stroke, and seizure, were developed. Biological key events (KEs) identified to induce these AOs included binding to ACE2, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption, hypoxia, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. The modularity of AOPs allows the construction of AOP networks to visualize core pathways and recognize neuroinflammation and BBB disruption as shared mechanisms.
  • 556
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Massive Open Online Courses in Healthcare Field
In the healthcare field, the need to ensure effective and economically sustainable training has led to a focus on technology-enhanced learning (TEL) and, specifically, to massive open online courses (MOOCs). These courses can be regarded as a significant step forward in the educational field due to the ease of access and convenient content delivery they offer. Specifically, MOOCs are courses potentially aimed at an unlimited number of students (massive). They can register free of charge (open) and enjoy, via the internet (online), learning-oriented content characterized by a structured learning plan (course).
  • 555
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Reducing the Children’s Intake of Ultra-Processed Foods
Excessive fat and fatty acids intake are associated with significant health hazards such as obesity or chronic diseases. The implementation of a relevant strategy for fat reduction, especially from ultra-processed foods, considered as low nutrient energy-dense products, is needed to promote health among children and prevent diet-related chronic diseases.
  • 554
  • 29 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Athletes during an Ramadan Fasting Period
The Ramadan fasting period (RFP) means abstaining from consuming food and/or beverages during certain hours of the day—from sunrise to sunset. Engaging in exercise and sports during the RFP leads to the lipolysis of adipose tissue and an increase in the breakdown of peripheral fat, leading to an increase in fat consumption. The effects of the RFP on functional, hematological, and metabolic parameters needs further study as existing studies have reported contradictory results. The differences in the results of various studies are due to the geographical characteristics of Muslim athletes, their specific diets, and their genetics, which explain these variations.
  • 554
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Lockdown on PM Charecterisitcs
Air is a diverse mixture of gaseous and suspended solid particles. Several new substances are being added to the air daily, polluting it and causing human health effects. Particulate matter (PM) is the primary health concern among these air toxins. The World Health Organization (WHO) addressed the fact that particulate pollution affects human health more severely than other air pollutants. The spread of air pollution and viruses, two of the millennium’s most serious concerns, have been linked closely. 
  • 553
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Home-Based Parent–Child Interaction Therapy
The current study evaluates the effectiveness of an adapted version of Parent–Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT). Based on theoretical foundations and increasing empirical evidence, PCIT is regarded as one of the most effective treatments in preventing child maltreatment. PCIT is a well-established parent training program originally developed for children aged between two and seven years with disruptive behavior problems, that is widely available across countries and cultures. Since child disruptive behavior problems play an important role in negative parent–child interactions, parenting stress, and parental harsh discipline, this behavior is not only a consequence of maltreatment, but also a strong factor in the risk for child maltreatment. Therefore, PCIT has been used at an increasing level in other populations including different ethnic populations and child welfare populations that are related to child maltreatment.
  • 553
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Water Quality Control in Handpieces and Dental Unit
Bacteria populations can be spread during ongoing dental procedures when dentists are using high-speed handpieces and come into direct contact with the wounds of the patient undergoing treatment. There is a risk of water backflow into the dental unit waterline system from the handpieces known under the term of the suck-back phenomenon.
  • 548
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Particulate Matter and Associated Metals
Particulate air pollution (PM) is a mixture of heterogenous components from natural and anthropogenic sources and contributes to a variety of serious illnesses, including neurological and behavioral effects, as well as millions of premature deaths. Ultrafine (PM0.1) and fine-size ambient particles (PM2.5) can enter the circulatory system and cross the blood–brain barrier or enter through the optic nerve, and then upregulate inflammatory markers and increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the brain. Toxic and neurotoxic metals such as manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and barium (Ba) can adsorb to the PM surface and potentially contribute to the neurotoxic effects associated with PM exposure. Epidemiological studies have shown a negative relationship between exposure to PM-associated Mn and neurodevelopment amongst children, as well as impaired dexterity in the elderly. Inhaled PM-associated Cu has also been shown to impair motor performance and alter basal ganglia in schoolchildren.
  • 547
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Concussion Guidelines in Amateur Sports
It is widely recognised in sports medicine that sports-related concussion (SRC) is one of the most difficult injuries to detect, with more needed to be done to recognise, remove and treat athletes with the condition
  • 547
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19's Mortality for Elderly People
A prevalência da pandemia COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) na população idosa, principalmente institucionalizada, ocorre por ser este o cenário em que o isolamento social é difícil em uma situação como a de uma pandemia. A vulnerabilidade dessa população está ligada aos aspectos fisiológicos do envelhecimento, que impactam na eficácia do sistema imunológico, desencadeando morbimortalidade por doenças infecciosas.
  • 545
  • 04 Aug 2021
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