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Topic Review
Pilot Findings on SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Pituitary Diseases
Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic at the end of 2019, a massive vaccination campaign has been undertaken rapidly and worldwide. Like other vaccines, the COVID-19 vaccine is not devoid of side effects. Typically, the adverse side effects of vaccination include transient headache, fever, and myalgia. Endocrine organs are also affected by adverse effects. The major SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-associated endocrinopathies reported since the beginning of the vaccination campaign are thyroid and pancreas disorders. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced pituitary diseases have become more frequently described in the literature. 
  • 1.9K
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Prevention
The etiology and pathophysiology genesis mechanisms of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer have not yet been fully elucidated. Men’s age is clearly the strongest risk factor. Due to its nature, prostate cancer is considered a heterogeneous disease.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
NGF and the Male Reproductive System
Infertility is a worldwide health issue defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the inability to establish a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular and unprotected sexual intercourse. Male infertility etiology can be related to either congenital or acquired factors. The therapeutical approach to male infertility depends on the underlying causes and includes medical and surgical treatments. The potential role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in male reproductive physiology has been proposed. It has been hypothesized that neurotrophins might be involved in testis morphogenesis and regulation of several aspects of spermatogenesis. Moreover, it has been shown that NGF exerts its role on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons through the activation of the PKC/p–ERK1/2/p–CREB cascade, which leads to the activation of hypothalamic cells and the consequent activation of hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) with the secretion of GnRH.
  • 662
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Beneficial Effects of Antioxidants in Male Infertility Management
Infertility, defined as the failure to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse, affects 50–80 million people worldwide. In the etiology of male infertility, the association between poor semen quality and oxidative stress (OS) is well known. In men showing low-quality semen, diet supplementation with antioxidants may improve the sperm quality by alleviating OS-induced sperm damage and enhancing hormone synthesis and spermatozoa concentration, motility, and morphology.
  • 646
  • 09 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Diseases
Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been defined as the inability to attain or maintain penile erection sufficient for successful sexual intercourse. ED carries a notable influence on life quality, with significant implications for family and social relationships. Because atherosclerosis of penile arteries represents one of the most frequent ED causes, patients presenting with it should always be investigated for potential coexistent coronary or peripheral disease. Up to 75% of ED patients have a stenosis of the iliac-pudendal-penile arteries, supplying the male genital organ’s perfusion. Recently, pathophysiology and molecular basis of male erection have been elucidated, giving the ground to pharmacological and mechanical revascularization treatment of this condition. 
  • 632
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mycoplasma genitalium Provokes Seminal Inflammation
To investigate the prevalence of urethritis-associated STIs (chlamydia, gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium, trichomoniasis) among infertile males; to analyze the effect of STIs on semen parameters and blood PSA. Case-control study.
  • 624
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Iron Metabolism and Ferroptosis in Male Reproductive System
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent type of regulated cell death, is triggered by the accumulation of lethal lipid peroxides. The cellular iron metabolism is essential for maintaining life activities in normal biological processes, including the generation of cellular energy, oxygen transport, heme synthesis, DNA synthesis and repair, etc. Notably, studies show that the iron metabolism is also quite important for the reproductive system and is intimately related to spermatogenesis. The relationship between the abnormal iron metabolism and ferroptosis in male reproductive disorders is gaining increasing attention.
  • 611
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Testicular Sperm Extraction
Retrieving spermatozoa from the testicles has been a great hope for patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), but relevant methods have not yet been developed to the level necessary to provide resolutions for all cases of NOA. Although performing testicular sperm extraction under microscopic magnification has increased sperm retrieval rates, in vitro selection and processing of quality sperm plays an essential role in the success of in vitro fertilization. Moreover, sperm cryopreservation is widely used in assisted reproductive technologies, whether for therapeutic purposes or for future fertility preservation. In recent years, there have been new developments using advanced technologies to freeze and preserve even very small numbers of sperm for which conventional techniques are inadequate.
  • 596
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Omics and Male Infertility
Male infertility is a multifaceted disorder affecting approximately 50% of male partners in infertile couples. Over the years, male infertility has been diagnosed mainly through semen analysis, hormone evaluations, medical records and physical examinations, which of course are fundamental, but yet inefficient, because 30% of male infertility cases remain idiopathic. This dilemmatic status of the unknown needs to be addressed with more sophisticated and result-driven technologies and/or techniques. Genetic alterations have been linked with male infertility, thereby unveiling the practicality of investigating this disorder from the “omics” perspective. Omics aims at analyzing the structure and functions of a whole constituent of a given biological function at different levels, including the molecular gene level (genomics), transcript level (transcriptomics), protein level (proteomics) and metabolites level (metabolomics).
  • 575
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bisphenols Disturbing Male Reproductive System
BPA is identified as an endocrine-disrupting chemical that deteriorates the physiological function of the hormones of the male reproductive system. Bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol S (BPS), and bisphenol AF (BPAF) are actively explored as substitutes for BPA and are known as BPA analogues in most manufacturing industries. These analogues may demonstrate the same adverse effects as BPA on the male reproductive system; however, toxicological data explaining the male reproductive hormones’ physiological functions are still limited. 
  • 574
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Exogenous Factors Affecting Male Reproduction
Male gonads and gametes are especially vulnerable to the effect of exogenous factors; therefore, they are considered a reliable indicator of environmental pollution. The impact of xenobiotics or radiation leads to an irreversible impairment of fertility displayed by histological changes, modulated androgen production, or compromised spermatozoa (or germ cells) quality. 
  • 573
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Penile Implants
The implant of the first IPP in 1973, performed by Branteley Scott was a turning point in the history of penile prosthesis, revolutionizing the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). Since then, the idea of an inflatable device has not changed much. However, the innovations in design, materials, surgical techniques, and perioperative management led to a more natural, durable, and reliable device featuring fewer complications and greater patient satisfaction. Currently, IPP is associated with high patient satisfaction and excellent long-term outcomes, remaining the gold standard for men with refractory ED. 
  • 521
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Dual Role of Oxidants in Male (In)fertility
The role of oxidative stress (OS) in male infertility as a primary etiology and/or concomitant cause in other situations, such as inflammation, varicocele and gonadotoxin effects, is well documented. While reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in many important roles, from spermatogenesis to fertilization, epigenetic mechanisms which are transmissible to offspring have also been described.
  • 516
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Dkk3/REIC Deficiency
The role of Dickkopf-3 (Dkk3)/REIC (The Reduced Expression in Immortalized Cells), a Wnt-signaling inhibitor, in male reproductive physiology remains unknown thus far.
  • 454
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Endothelial Function
Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and erectile dysfunction (ED) heavily burden the male population. The higher prevalence of both conditions in the elderly suggests a possible relationship between the two conditions. In addition, in vitro, animal, and human studies have revealed several mechanisms that may relate VDD to ED. The main mechanism by which vitamin D might exert its action on sexual function appears to be through the regulation of endothelial function. Indeed, VDD correlates with several markers of endothelial function. The action of vitamin D on the endothelium would be exercised both indirectly through its intervention in inflammatory processes and through the production of oxygen free radicals, and directly through the regulation of vascular stiffness, the production of nitric oxide, and the regulation of vessel permeability.
  • 453
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Klinefelter Syndrome and Testicular Sperm
Klinefelter syndrome (KS), caused by the presence of an extra X chromosome, is the most prevalent chromosomal sexual anomaly, with an estimated incidence of 1:500/1000 per male live birth (karyotype 47,XXY). High stature, tiny testicles, small penis, gynecomastia, feminine body proportions and hair, visceral obesity, and testicular failure are all symptoms of KS. Endocrine (osteoporosis, obesity, diabetes), musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, autoimmune disorders, cancer, neurocognitive disabilities, and infertility are also outcomes of KS.
  • 435
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Radical-Prostatectomy-Associated Morbidity
The oncological goal of RP is to achieve a complete removal of the cancerous prostate tissue in order to cure the patient of PC. The surgical procedure involves removing the entire prostate, with its capsule intact, alongside the seminal vesicles and distal vas deferens, followed by vesico-urethral anastomosis.
  • 434
  • 28 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Phlorotannins in Cancer
Mitochondrial dysfunction is an interesting therapeutic target to help reduce cancer deaths, and the use of bioactive compounds has emerged as a novel and safe approach to solve this problem. Phlorotannins, a type of polyphenol present in brown seaweeds that reportedly functions as antioxidants/pro-oxidants and anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic agents. Specifically, available evidence indicates that dieckol and phloroglucinol promote mitochondrial membrane depolarization and mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Phlorotannins also reduce pro-tumorigenic, -inflammatory, and -angiogenic signaling mechanisms involving RAS/MAPK/ERK, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, and VEGF. In doing so, they inhibit pathways that favor cancer development and progression. 
  • 429
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sperm Mitochondrial Function
Sperm motility is a fundamental requirement to ensure male fertility. Studies and interest for sperm motility started in 1919 when Lillie Frank Rattray, an American zoologist, author of the book “Problems of fertilization”, for the first time, talked on the energetic metabolism of spermatozoa. He said: “Spermatozoa are probably incapable of receiving nourishment outside of the gonad after they are fully differentiated; certainly in the case of external insemination there is no opportunity for the restitution of substance …”. Since those years, several studies focused on the “power plant” of the cell, the mitochondrion, demonstrating the key role of this organelle on cellular homeostasis and sperm motility. Mitochondrial sperm dysfunction is also implicated in the pathogenesis of seminal oxidative stress, a key element responsible of many cases of “apparently” idiopathic male infertility.
  • 397
  • 30 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Paternal Influence on Offspring Development
The paternal impact on fertilization, early embryonic development, and offspring health. The increase in paternal exposure to various pharmaceutical drugs, toxins, xenobiotics, radiations, pesticides, and dietary as well as other lifestyle factors has impacted vulnerable sperm beyond affecting the sperm quality and fertility potential to jeopardizing fetal development and offspring health. While there is substantial evidence in the literature explaining the paternal impact on offspring health, the evolution of these paternal effects is being brought to the surface. The paternal effect refers to a biological phenomenon in which the genotype or phenotype of the father exerts an influence on the phenotype of the offspring without altering its genotype. This effect can manifest in two primary forms: an adaptive manifestation, potentially conferring a survival advantage to the offspring, or a non-adaptive manifestation, which may have detrimental consequences or represent a neutral by-product of underlying biological processes.
  • 384
  • 28 Dec 2023
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