Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Jana Repkova
 + 1729 word(s) 1729 2021-11-23 07:29:16 |
2 Format correct
Vicky Zhou
 Meta information modification 1729 2021-11-23 08:40:59 | |
3 Format correct
Vicky Zhou
 Meta information modification 1729 2021-11-23 08:41:30 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Repkova, J. Trifolium L.. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16286 (accessed on 16 November 2024).
Repkova J. Trifolium L.. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16286. Accessed November 16, 2024.
Repkova, Jana. "Trifolium L." Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16286 (accessed November 16, 2024).
Repkova, J. (2021, November 23). Trifolium L.. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/16286
Repkova, Jana. "Trifolium L.." Encyclopedia. Web. 23 November, 2021.
Trifolium L.
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/plants10112518

Trifolium L. is an economically important genus that is characterized by variable karyotypes relating to its ploidy level and basic chromosome numbers. The advent of genomic resources combined with molecular cytogenetics provides an opportunity to develop our understanding of plant genomes in general.

Trifolium Chromosome

1. Introduction

The Fabaceae family (Leguminosae, legume or bean family) is the third-largest flowering plant family, after the Asteraceae and Orchidaceae families [1][2]. It is agronomically important, as it can form a symbiotic association with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Several species from this family serve as genetic model organisms (e.g., Medicago truncatula Gaertn. , Pisum sativum L., and Lotus japonicus L.). With more than 250 species, the clover genus, Trifolium , is one of the largest genera in this family [1][2][3]. This herbaceous genus acquired its name in reference to the characteristic form of the leaf, usually consisting of three leaflets (trifoliolate), and includes both annual and perennial species occurring natively across a large range of biotopes from meadows and open woodlands to semi-deserts and mountain ridges in temperate and, to a lesser extent, subtropical regions. The genus’s origin has been estimated to have occurred in the Early Miocene, 16–23 million years ago, and its center of origin was first assumed to be in California with its subsequent spread into Asia and hence to Europe and Africa [4]. Later, a new hypothesis was proposed of clovers originating in the Mediterranean region due to their species diversity, including the diversity in their chromosome numbers, and because the greatest occurrence of their endemic species is found in this area, with a secondary center of distribution in North America and East Africa [3][5][6][7]. By contrast, native clovers are absent from Australia and Southeast Asia.

Attempts have been made to divide this genus into natural groups. In the 19th century, Bossier [8] divided the genus into seven sections. A century later, eight subgenera were recognized and revised [1][9]. Better insight into phylogeny and the origin of the genus was facilitated by molecular analyses. These showed that Trifolium is a member of a large clade of legumes that lack one copy of the chloroplast inverted repeat [10][11], and a further molecular phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and chloroplast genes provided evidence that most of these proposed sections are not monophyletic [12][13]. The most recent subgeneric classification, based on phylogenetic analyses of 218 species’ ribosomal ITS and chloroplast trnL intron sequences, was proposed by Ellison et al. [3], who divided the genus into two subgenera, Chronosemium and Trifolium , with the further subdivision of Trifolium into eight sections— Glycyrrhizum (2 species), Paramesus (2 species), Lupinaster (3 species), Trifolium (73 species), Trichocephalum (9 species), Vesicastrum (54 species), Trifoliastrum (20 species), and Involucrarium (72 species). In 2014, Trifolium phylogenetic analyses were conducted, based on highly unusual Trifolium plastomes [14].

The economic importance of this genus lies in its agricultural utilization. Historically, clovers, and especially red clovers, have been cultivated in rotation with other crops to maintain soil fertility due to their ability to establish a mutualistic relationship with root-nodulating and nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Their value was later diminished by the advent of nitrogen fertilizers, but the global need for sustainable and conservation agriculture is bringing this historical approach back into focus. Nowadays, many Trifolium species are extensively cultivated as fodder plants ( Trifolium pratense L., Trifolium repens L., Trifolium hybridum L., and Trifolium resupinatum L.), and also as green manure crops to enhance soil fertility and sustainability [15]. Further knowledge about the genomes of both wild and cultivated clovers and an understanding of their evolution will prove to be of great benefit in the future of clover breeding.

2. Chromosome Identification in Trifolium

In legumes with large chromosomes, such as Pisum sativum L. or Vicia faba L., individual chromosomes can be distinguished by ordinary karyotyping or banding methods [16][17], although the process is rather complicated in species with small chromosomes, such as Trifolium. Both repetitive and low- or single-copy sequences are important tools for chromosome identification in cytogenetic studies. Usually, a mix of different probes is used, which can include localizing ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sites, telomeric probes, large plasmid, bacteriophage, or bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) containing specific single-copy or repetitive inserts. Based on 5S rDNA, 25S rDNA, and seven bacterial artificial chromosome probes containing microsatellite markers with a known position, a cytogenetic map has been constructed for red clover (Figure 1).
Plants 10 02518 g001
Figure 1. Cytogenetic map of T. pratense based on the hybridization pattern of probes derived from 5S rDNA (orange circles) and 26S rDNA (pink boxes) and localization of 7 (A) or 14 (B) BAC clones corresponding to chromosome-specific microsatellite markers (green circles) (adapted from Sato et al. [18] and Kataoka et al. [19].
The easy design and production of oligonucleotide libraries has presented new opportunities to plant cytogenetics. Recently, an oligonucleotide barcode system was developed to identify all cowpea and common bean chromosomes [20][21]. Despite the availability of genome sequences for selected Trifolium spp., however, oligonucleotide libraries have not yet been exploited for Trifolium research.

3. Chromosomal Distribution of Ribosomal DNA Genes

Because ribosomal genes are among the best-researched regions of eukaryotic genomes, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses, using rDNA genes as probes, have been conducted in numerous plant species, including Trifolium. The 35S and 5S ribosomal genes are located independently in one or several loci as tandem repeats, ranging from hundreds to thousands of copies in higher vascular plant genomes [22]. While polycistronic gene 35S consists of 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA and occurs on chromosomal regions known as nucleolus organizer regions (NORs), the 5S rDNA gene is usually independent from NORs [23][24]. Ribosomal genes have undergone rapid evolution in their means of altering the number of copies and their localization on chromosomes [25][26][27][28]. Therefore, rDNA genes have been proven to act as excellent cytogenetic markers for karyotype analysis, and they have been widely used to examine and understand phylogenetic relationships, chromosomal organization, and evolution in many plant species.
Roa and Guerra [29][30] found that, in angiosperms rDNA sites, most often number one or two 45S and one 5S per haploid genome. The localization of 45S rDNA sites was observed preferentially on the short arm and in the terminal region of chromosomes in general, but genera with predominant proximal localization were found in some families, including Fabaceae (Arachis, Lens). On the other hand, 5S rDNA localization varies in different angiosperm families. In Fabaceae, 5S rDNA is preferentially found in the proximal region.
To date, the numbers and positions of rDNA loci on chromosomes have been reported for 42 Trifolium species (Table 1; adapted from Vozárová et al. [31]). Based on ancestral state reconstruction, Vozárová et al. [31] suggested the occurrence of one 5S and one 26S locus per haploid genome separately as an ancestral condition for the whole genus. The ancestral karyotype referencing the basic chromosome number and rDNA loci constitution may resemble the karyotype of T. diffusum (Figure 2).
Plants 10 02518 g002
Figure 2. Fluorescence in situ hybridization image and schematic karyotype of T. diffusum with 5S (red) and 26S (green) rDNA probes suggested to represent the ancestral state in the Trifolium genus (adapted from Vozárová et al. [31]).
Table 1. Reported chromosome numbers 5S and 25S rRNA loci numbers in Trifolium species (adapted from Vozárová et al. [31]).
Subgenus/Section Trifolium Species 2n Loci Number per 2n Reported in
5S 25S
CHRONOSEMIUM          
  T. aureum 2x = 16 4 2 Vozárová et al. [31]
  2x = 14 4 2
  T. badium 2x = 14 2 4
2 2
  T. campestre 2x = 14 2 2 Ansari et al. [32]
  T. micranthum 2x = 16 2 2
  T. dubium 4x = 30 4 4
TRIFOLIUM          
TRIFOLIUM T. alpestre 2x = 16 10 2 Vozárová et al. [31]
  11 2
  T. arvense 2x = 14 2 2
  T. bocconei 2x = 12 2 2
  T. cherleri 2x = 10 4 10
  T. diffusum 2x = 16 2 2
  T. hirtum 2x = 10 6 2
  T. ligusticum 2x = 12 2 2
  2x = 14 2 2
  T. pallidum 2x = 16 4 2
  T. purpureum 2x = 14 2 2
  T. rubens 2x = 16 4 2
  T. squamosum 2x = 16 4 2
  T. stellatum 2x = 12 4 2
  2x = 14 4 (2w) 2
  T. pannonicum 16x = 128 16 16
  T. pratense 4x = 28 8 8 Dluhošová et al. [33]
  2x = 14 4 5 Sato et al. [18]
  T. medium 8x = 64 12 8 Dluhošová et al. [33]
TRICHOCEPHALUM T. subterraneum subsp. subterraneum 2x = 16 2 4 (2w) Vozárová et al. [31]
  T. subterraneumsubsp. subterraneum 2x = 16 2 2 Falistocco et al. [34]
  T. subterraneum subsp. brachycalycinum 2x = 16 2 4 (2w)
  T. israeliticum 2x = 12 10 4
VESICASTRUM T. fragiferum 2x = 16 2 2 Vozárová et al. [31]
  T. resupinatum 2x = 16 2 2
  2x = 14 2 2
  T. spumosum 2x = 16 2 2
  4 2
TRIFOLIASTRUM T. glomeratum 2x = 16 2 2 Vozárová et al. [31]
  T. montanum 2x = 16 2 2
  T. occidentale 2x = 16 4 2 Ansari [35]
  T. pallescens 2x = 16 2 2 Vozárová et al. [31]
  T. thalii 2x = 16 2 2
  T. repens 4x = 32 4 2 Ansari [35]
  T. uniflorum 4x = 32 4 4
  T. nigrescens subsp. nigrescens 2x = 16 2 2
  T. nigrescens subsp. petrisavii 2x = 16 2 2
  T. ambiguum 2x = 16 2 2
  T. hybridum 2x = 16 2 2
  T. isthmocarpum 2x = 16 2 6
INVOLUCRARIUM T. chilense 2x = 16 4 2 Vozárová et al. [31]
  T. microdon 2x = 16 2 2
  T. microcephalum 2x = 16 16 16
  16 2
PARAMESUS T. glanduliferum 2x = 16 4 2 Vozárová et al. [31]
  5 (1w) 2
  4 2
  T. strictum 2x= 14 2 2
LUPINASTER T. lupinaster 4x = 28 8 4 Vozárová et al. [31]
  4x = 32 8 4

4. Conclusions and Future Prospects

Improving clover productivity as a means of boosting yields and nitrogen fixation efficiency is therefore a central focus of plant breeders today. Information is mainly limited to the related legume model species, however, and unraveling the genome organization and understanding the evolution of clover are essential for greater breeding efficiency.
Advances in clover research within the genomics era have assisted in the development of an impressive array of genomic resources, including complete genome sequences of some clovers and related legumes. As high-throughput sequencing has revolutionized genome sequencing with its ultralow cost and overwhelmingly large data output, more and more new plant species sequences, as well as species’ resequences, supported by a large range of bioinformatic tools, provide us with more data applicable for more efficient breeding strategies. The combination of genomic and bioinformatic data with molecular cytogenetics may provide a more developed understanding of plant genomes in general.
Ribosomal DNA and other repetitive sequences have been widely used as plant cytogenetic markers, and recently, the development of large-DNA clones carrying target sequences, such as BACs, has facilitated the easier localization of low- or single-copy DNA sequences [36][37][38][39][40][41][42]. BAC-FISH has been applied successfully in clover karyotype characterization, and cross-species BAC-FISH has helped to identify chromosome structure and rearrangements in clover relatives such as the common and lima bean [43]. However, the extension of BAC-FISH to the BAC-painting of large chromosome regions is suitable only for species with small genomes and low proportions of repetitive fractions, and it has not been successfully established beyond crucifers [44][45], with the singular exception of Brachypodium [46].
The remarkable progress in plant genome research relating to reference sequences production and artificial DNA synthesis has provided an alternative chromosome painting technique. In silico designed and artificially synthesized oligonucleotide pools have already been applied successfully in various plant species to characterize chromosomal rearrangements [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54]. The availability of the Trifolium genome and reference sequences means that the adoption of oligo painting within this genus, and the legume family more generally, is both possible and to be expected.

References

  1. Zohary, M.; Heller, D. The Genus Trifolium, 1st ed.; Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities: Jerusalem, Israel, 1984; pp. 1–610.
  2. Gillet, J.M.; Taylor, N.L. The World of Clovers, 1st ed.; Iowa State University Press: Ames, IA, USA, 2001; pp. 1–457.
  3. Ellison, N.W.; Liston, A.; Steiner, J.J.; Williams, W.M.; Taylor, N.L. Molecular phylogenetics of the clover genus (Trifolium-Leguminosae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 2006, 39, 688–705.
  4. Zohary, M. Origin and evolution in the genus Trifolium. Bot. Notiser. 1972, 125, 501–511.
  5. Taylor, N.L. Clovers Around the World. In Agronomy Monographs; Taylor, N.L., Ed.; Soil Science Society of America: Madison, WI, USA, 1985; Volume 25, pp. 1–6.
  6. Panitsa, M.; Trigas, P.; Iatrou, G.; Sfenthourakis, S. Factors affecting plant species richness and endemism on land-bridge islands—An example from the East Aegean Archipelago. Acta Oceol. 2010, 36, 431–437.
  7. Scoppola, A.; Tirado, J.L.; Gutiérrez, F.M.; Magrini, S. The genus Trifolium (Fabaceae) in South Europe: A critical review on species richness and distribution. Nord. J. Bot. 2018, 36, e01723.
  8. Boissier, E. Trifolium. In Flora Orientalis; H. Georg: Basileae, Switzerland, 1872; pp. 110–156.
  9. Hossain, M. A revision of Trifolium in the nearer East. Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 1961, 23, 387–481.
  10. Lavin, M.; Doyle, J.J.; Palmer, J.D. Evolutionary significance of the loss of the chloroplast-DNA inverted repeat in the Leguminosae subfamily Papilionoideae. Evolution 1990, 44, 390–402.
  11. Liston, A. Use of the polymerase chain reaction to survey for the loss of the inverted repeat in the legume chloroplast genome. In Advances in Legume Systematics; Crisp, M.D., Doyle, J.J., Eds.; Royal Botanic Gardens: Kew, UK, 1995; Volume 7, pp. 31–40.
  12. Watson, L.E.; Sayed-Ahmed, H.; Badr, A. Molecular phylogeny of Old World Trifolium (Fabaceae). Plant Syst. Evol. 2000, 224, 153–171.
  13. Steele, K.; Wojciechowski, M. Phylogenetic analyses of tribes Trifolieae and Vicieae, based on sequences of the plastid gene matK (Papilionoideae: Leguminosae). Adv. Legume Syst. 2003, 1, 355–370.
  14. Sveinsson, S.; Cronk, Q. Evolutionary origin of highly repetitive plastid genomes within the clover genus (Trifolium). BMC Evol. Biol. 2014, 14, 228.
  15. Kintl, A.; Elbl, J.; Lošák, T.; Vaverková, M.; Nedělník, J. Mixed intercropping of wheat and white clover to enhance the sustainability of the conventional cropping system: Effects on biomass production and leaching of mineral nitrogen. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3367.
  16. Fuchs, J.; Strehl, S.; Brandes, A.; Schweizer, D.; Schubert, I. Molecular-cytogenetic characterization of the Vicia faba genome—Heterochromatin differentiation, replication patterns and sequence localization. Chromosome Res. 1998, 6, 219–230.
  17. Fuchs, J.; Kühne, M.; Schubert, I. Assignment of linkage groups to pea chromosomes after karyotyping and gene mapping by fluorescent in situ hybridization. Chromosoma 1998, 107, 272–276.
  18. Sato, S.; Isobe, S.; Asamizu, E.; Ohmido, N.; Kataoka, R.; Nakamura, Y.; Kaneko, T.; Sakurai, N.; Okumura, K.; Klimenko, I.; et al. Comprehensive structural analysis of the genome of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). DNA Res. 2005, 12, 301–364.
  19. Kataoka, R.; Hara, M.; Kato, S.; Isobe, S.; Sato, S.; Tabata, S.; Ohmido, N. Integration of linkage and chromosome maps of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Cytogenet. Genome Res. 2012, 137, 60–69.
  20. De Oliveira Bustamante, F.; do Nascimento, T.H.; Montenegro, C.; Dias, S.; do Vale Martins, L.; Braz, G.T.; Benko-Iseppon, A.M.; Jiang, J.; Pedrosa-Harand, A.; Brasileiro-Vidal, A.C. Oligo-FISH barcode in beans: A new chromosome identification system. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2021, 134, 3675–3686.
  21. Montenegro, C.; do Vale Martins, L.; de Oliveira Bustamante, F.; Brasileiro-Vidal, A.C.; Pedrosa-Harand, A. Comparative cytogenomics reveals genome reshuffling and centromere repositioning in the legume tribe Phaseoleae. bioRxiv 2021.
  22. Biscotti, M.A.; Olmo, E.; Heslop-Harrison, J.S. Repetitive DNA in eukaryotic genomes. Chromosome Res. 2015, 23, 415–420.
  23. Flavell, R.B. The structure and control of expression of ribosomal RNA genes. Oxf. Surv. Plant Mol. Cell Biol. 1986, 3, 251–274.
  24. Dvořák, J.; Zhang, H.-B.; Kota, R.S.; Lassner, M. Organization and evolution of the 5S ribosomal rna gene family in wheat and related species. Genome 1989, 32, 1003–1016.
  25. Schubert, I.; Wobus, U. In situ hybridization confirms jumping nucleolus organizing regions in Allium. Chromosoma 1985, 92, 143–148.
  26. Raina, S.N.; Mukai, Y. Detection of a variable number of 18S-5.8S-26S and 5S ribosomal DNA loci by fluorescent in situ hybridization in diploid and tetraploid Arachis species. Genome 1999, 42, 52–59.
  27. Pedrosa-Harand, A.; de Almeida, C.C.S.; Mosiolek, M.; Blair, M.W.; Schweizer, D.; Guerra, M. Extensive ribosomal DNA amplification during andean common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) evolution. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2006, 112, 924–933.
  28. Chung, M.-C.; Lee, Y.-I.; Cheng, Y.-Y.; Chou, Y.-J.; Lu, C.-F. Chromosomal polymorphism of ribosomal genes in the genus Oryza. Theor. Appl. Genet. 2008, 116, 745–753.
  29. Roa, F.; Guerra, M. Distribution of 45S rDNA sites in chromosomes of plants: Structural and evolutionary implications. BMC Evol. Biol. 2012, 12, 225.
  30. Roa, F.; Guerra, M. Non-Random Distribution of 5S rDNA sites and its association with 45S rDNA in plant chromosomes. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 2015, 146, 243–249.
  31. Vozárová, R.; Macková, E.; Vlk, D.; Řepková, J. Variation in ribosomal DNA in the genus Trifolium (Fabaceae). Plants 2021, 10, 1771.
  32. Ansari, H.A.; Ellison, N.W.; Williams, W.M. Molecular and cytogenetic evidence for an allotetraploid origin of Trifolium dubium (Leguminosae). Chromosoma 2008, 117, 159–167.
  33. Dluhošová, J.; Řepková, J.; Jakešová, H.; Nedělník, J. Impact of interspecific hybridization of T. pratense × T. medium and backcrossing on genetic variability of progeny. Czech J. Genet. Plant 2016, 52, 125–131.
  34. Falistocco, E.; Marconi, G.; Falcinelli, M. Comparative cytogenetic study on Trifolium subterraneum (2n = 16) and Trifolium israeliticum (2n = 12). Genome 2013, 56, 307–313.
  35. Ansari, H. Molecular cytogenetic organization of 5S and 18S-26S rDNA loci in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and related species. Ann. Bot. Lond. 1999, 83, 199–206.
  36. Jiang, J.; Gill, B.S.; Wang, G.L.; Ronald, P.C.; Ward, D.C. Metaphase and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of the rice genome with bacterial artificial chromosomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1995, 92, 4487–4491.
  37. Lapitan, N.L.V.; Brown, S.E.; Kennard, W.; Stephens, J.L.; Knudson, D.L. FISH physical mapping with barley BAC clones. Plant J. 1997, 11, 149–156.
  38. Peterson, D.G.; Lapitan, N.L.; Stack, S.M. Localization of single- and low-copy sequences on tomato synaptonemal complex spreads using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Genetics 1999, 152, 427–439.
  39. Zhong, X.-B.; Bodeau, J.; Fransz, P.F.; Williamson, V.M.; van Kammen, A.; de Jong, J.H.; Zabel, P. FISH to meiotic pachytene chromosomes of tomato locates the root-knot nematode resistance gene Mi-1 and the acid phosphatase gene Aps-1 near the junction of euchromatin and pericentromeric heterochromatin of chromosome arms 6S and 6L, respectively: Theor. Appl. Genet. 1999, 98, 365–370.
  40. Islam-Faridi, M.N.; Childs, K.L.; Klein, P.E.; Hodnett, G.; Menz, M.A.; Klein, R.R.; Rooney, W.L.; Mullet, J.E.; Stelly, D.M.; Price, H.J. A molecular cytogenetic map of sorghum Chromosome 1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis with mapped bacterial artificial chromosomes. Genetics 2002, 161, 345–353.
  41. Lee, H.-R.; Eom, E.-M.; Lim, Y.-P.; Bang, J.-W.; Lee, D.-H. Construction of a garlic BAC library and chromosomal assignment of BAC clones using the FISH technique. Genome 2003, 46, 514–520.
  42. Schnabel, E.; Kulikova, O.; Penmetsa, R.V.; Bisseling, T.; Cook, D.R.; Frugoli, J. An integrated physical, genetic and cytogenetic map around the sunn locus of Medicago truncatula. Genome 2003, 46, 665–672.
  43. Bonifácio, E.M.; Fonsêca, A.; Almeida, C.; Dos Santos, K.G.B.; Pedrosa-Harand, A. Comparative cytogenetic mapping between the lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and the common bean (P. vulgaris L.). Theor. Appl. Genet. 2012, 124, 1513–1520.
  44. Lysak, M.A.; Fransz, P.F.; Ali, H.B.; Schubert, I. Chromosome painting in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2001, 28, 689–697.
  45. Pecinka, A.; Schubert, V.; Meister, A.; Kreth, G.; Klatte, M.; Lysak, M.A.; Fuchs, J.; Schubert, I. Chromosome territory arrangement and homologous pairing in nuclei of Arabidopsis thaliana are predominantly random except for NOR-bearing chromosomes. Chromosoma 2004, 113, 258–269.
  46. Betekhtin, A.; Jenkins, G.; Hasterok, R. Reconstructing the evolution of Brachypodium genomes using comparative chromosome painting. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e115108.
  47. Han, Y.; Zhang, T.; Thammapichai, P.; Weng, Y.; Jiang, J. Chromosome-specific painting in Cucumis species using bulked oligonucleotides. Genetics 2015, 200, 771–779.
  48. Braz, G.T.; He, L.; Zhao, H.; Zhang, T.; Semrau, K.; Rouillard, J.-M.; Torres, G.A.; Jiang, J. Comparative oligo-FISH mapping: An efficient and powerful methodology to reveal karyotypic and chromosomal evolution. Genetics 2018, 208, 513–523.
  49. Qu, M.; Li, K.; Han, Y.; Chen, L.; Li, Z.; Han, Y. Integrated karyotyping of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) with oligopaint FISH probes. Cytogenet. Genome Res. 2017, 153, 158–164.
  50. Albert, P.S.; Zhang, T.; Semrau, K.; Rouillard, J.-M.; Kao, Y.-H.; Wang, C.-J.R.; Danilova, T.V.; Jiang, J.; Birchler, J.A. Whole-chromosome paints in maize reveal rearrangements, nuclear domains, and chromosomal relationships. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019, 116, 1679–1685.
  51. Liu, X.; Sun, S.; Wu, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Gu, S.; Yu, H.; Yi, C.; Gu, M.; Jiang, J.; Liu, B.; et al. Dual-color oligo-FISH can reveal chromosomal variations and evolution in Oryza species. Plant J. 2020, 101, 112–121.
  52. Šimoníková, D.; Němečková, A.; Karafiátová, M.; Uwimana, B.; Swennen, R.; Doležel, J.; Hřibová, E. Chromosome painting facilitates anchoring reference genome sequence to chromosomes in situ and integrated karyotyping in banana (Musa spp.). Front. Plant Sci. 2019, 10, 1503.
  53. Li, G.; Zhang, T.; Yu, Z.; Wang, H.; Yang, E.; Yang, Z. An efficient oligo-FISH painting system for revealing chromosome rearrangements and polyploidization in Triticeae. Plant J. 2021, 105, 978–993.
  54. Do Vale Martins, L.; de Oliveira Bustamante, F.; da Silva Oliveira, A.R.; da Costa, A.F.; de Lima Feitoza, L.; Liang, Q.; Zhao, H.; Benko-Iseppon, A.M.; Muñoz-Amatriaín, M.; Pedrosa-Harand, A.; et al. BAC- and oligo-FISH mapping reveals chromosome evolution among Vigna angularis, V. unguiculata, and Phaseolus vulgaris. Chromosoma 2021, 130, 133–147.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Area Studies
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Jana Repkova
View Times: 715
Revisions: 3 times (View History)
Update Date: 23 Nov 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback