Summary

Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its rising prevalence and concomitant risks of cardiovascular diseases. Coping strategies may encompass a full spectrum of clinical, epidemiological, experimental, and technological factors to inspire front-line practices and shape critical thinking. This entry collection aims to assemble entries of wealthy topics related to clinical, therapeutic, and population sciences of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that could inform research scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Entries
Topic Review
Chronic Renal Failure and Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is highly prevalent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), with a linear increase in the risk of cardiovascular mortality with decreasing eGFR. The concomitant renal disease often poses a major challenge in decision making as symptoms, cardiac biomarkers, and noninvasive studies for evaluation of myocardial ischemia have different sensitivity and specificity thresholds in this specific population.
  • 610
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
HFpEF
Heart failure (HF) with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming the predominant form of HF. However, medical therapy that improves cardiovascular outcome in HF patients with almost normal and normal systolic left ventricular function, but diastolic dysfunction is missing. The cause of this unmet need is incomplete understanding of HFpEF pathophysiology, the heterogeneity of the patient population, and poor matching of therapeutic mechanisms and primary pathophysiological processes.
  • 557
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 2 in Ischemic Stroke
Ischemic stroke causes a heavy health burden worldwide, with over 10 million new cases every year. Despite the high prevalence and mortality rate of ischemic stroke, the underlying molecular mechanisms for the common etiological factors of ischemic stroke and ischemic stroke itself remain unclear, which results in insufficient preventive strategies and ineffective treatments for this devastating disease. The transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily M, member 2 (TRPM2), a non-selective ion channel activated by oxidative stress, is actively involved in all the important steps in the etiology and pathology of ischemic stroke. 
  • 584
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients are at high risk of presenting with arterial calcification or stiffness, which confers increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. In recent years, it has become evident that VC is an active process regulated by various molecules that may act as inhibitors of vessel mineralization.
  • 366
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Human Obstructive and Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited disorder characterized by unexplained left ventricular hypertrophy with or without left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction. Single-nuclei RNA-sequencing (snRNA-seq) of both obstructive and nonobstructive HCM patient samples has revealed alterations in communication between various cell types, but no direct and integrated comparison between the two HCM phenotypes has been reported. 
  • 526
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Cardiac Remodeling and Dysfunction in Primary Aldosteronism
Speckle tracking echocardiography is a novel technique to quantify cardiac function and deformation. It has been applied in a series of cardiovascular diseases for the evaluation of early cardiac impairment. Cardiac damage usually occurs earlier in patients with primary aldosteronism than those with primary hypertension, probably because aldosterone hypersecretion is more commonly observed in the former than the latter patients.
  • 414
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Channelopathy Genes in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, progressive vasculopathy with significant cardiopulmonary morbidity and mortality. Roles for rare variants in three channelopathy genes—ABCC8, ATP13A3, and KCNK3—have been validated in multiple PAH cohorts, and in aggregate explain ~2.7% of PAH cases. Complete or partial loss of function has been demonstrated for PAH-associated variants in ABCC8 and KCNK3. Channels can be excellent targets for drugs, and knowledge of mechanisms for channel mutations may provide an opportunity for the development of PAH biomarkers and novel therapeutics for patients with hereditary PAH but also potentially more broadly for all patients with PAH.
  • 428
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Thromboembolic Risk in Atrial Fibrillation
An ideal biomarker should be simple and practical, have a high sensitivity and be inexpensive. Some clinical markers (e.g., non-paroxysmal type of AF, carotid plaque) and some circulating biomarkers (e.g., cardiac troponin, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic protein [BT-proBNP], and D-dimer) are promising for use in IS prediction in patients with NVAF because it is both practical and simple to determine them.
  • 500
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Prickly Pear Cacti Cladodes for Hyperglycemia Management
The consumption of prickly pear (PP; Opuntia spp.) cladodes was reported to exert hypoglycemic effects, making it a potential cost-effective nutritional intervention for the management of T2DM. Several studies have demonstrated that the consumption of prickly pear cladodes and the related products reduced post-prandial glucose levels. The cladodes’ high fiber content may be implicated in improving glycemic control, by affecting glucose absorption and effectively slowing its release into the blood circulation. Given these potential hypoglycemic effects, prickly pear cladodes may represent a potential functional food ingredient to improve glycemic control and counter the negative metabolic effects of the modern Western diet. 
  • 508
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Microvascular Dysfunction
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a condition with increasing incidence, leading to a health care problem of epidemic proportions for which no curative treatments exist. Consequently, an urge exists to better understand the pathophysiology of HFpEF. Accumulating evidence suggests a key pathophysiological role for coronary microvascular dysfunction (MVD), with an underlying mechanism of low-grade pro-inflammatory state caused by systemic comorbidities.
  • 578
  • 24 Feb 2022
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