Summary

Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its rising prevalence and concomitant risks of cardiovascular diseases. Coping strategies may encompass a full spectrum of clinical, epidemiological, experimental, and technological factors to inspire front-line practices and shape critical thinking. This entry collection aims to assemble entries of wealthy topics related to clinical, therapeutic, and population sciences of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that could inform research scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Topic Review
Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 and Atherosclerosis
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is the last discovered member of the family of proprotein convertases (PCs), mainly synthetized in hepatic cells. This serine protease plays a pivotal role in the reduction of the number of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs) on the surface of hepatocytes, which leads to an increase in the level of cholesterol in the blood. The main anti-atherosclerotic effect of PCSK9 inhibitors results from their lipid-lowering efficiency.
  • 469
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sphingolipid Catabolism
In the plasma membrane and other cellular compartments (endosome/lysosome), sphingomyelin can be hydrolyzed to ceramide by sphingomyelinases.  Ceramide generated by this pathway is further degraded into sphingosine by ceramidases. Shingosine can also be phosphorylated by sphingosine kinases to sphingosine-1-phosphate. Changes in the profiles of sphingomyelin and its metabolites ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) can result in a pathological condition triggered by accumulation or by altering cell signaling.
  • 1.8K
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Consumption of Dairy Foods and Cardiovascular Disease
A high intake of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) has been linked to an enhanced risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and this effect is thought to be largely mediated by increased plasma LDL-cholesterol level and its proatherogenic effect. Within this context, dairy foods deserve consideration since they are largely consumed and contribute a relevant proportion to the global SFAs intake. A substantial reduction in the intake of dairy products and a preferential consumption of low-fat dairy products have been advocated as a strategy for CVD prevention, but evidence in this regard is scant and inconsistent. By reviewing the literature on the relationship of different dairy products (low/full-fat dairy, milk, cheese, yogurt) with CV events and major CV risk factors, this work provides consistent evidence that a moderate consumption of dairy foods is not associated with increased CV risk, independent of whether full-fat or low-fat products are considered. As for specific foods, fermented products and products added with probiotics are associated with a lower risk of CV events. Therefore, these results highlight the wide heterogeneity existing among dairy foods with regard to their association with CVD and expand current knowledge on the relevance of food choices with regard to cardiovascular health.
  • 325
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Nrf2 to Maintain Redox Homeostasis in Cardiometabolic Diseases
The transcription factor Nrf2 is a master regulator of multiple cytoprotective genes that maintain redox homeostasis and exert anti-inflammatory functions. The Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway is a paramount target of many cardioprotective strategies, because redox homeostasis is essential in cardiovascular health. Nrf2 gene variations, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are correlated with cardiometabolic diseases and drug responses. SNPs of Nrf2, KEAP1, and other related genes can impair the transcriptional activation or the activity of the resulting protein, exerting differential susceptibility to cardiometabolic disease progression and prevalence.
  • 575
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Definition of Hypertension and Establishment of Treatment Targets
Hypertension is the most frequent chronic and non-communicable disease all over the world, with about 1.5 billion affected individuals worldwide. Its impact is currently growing, particularly in low-income countries. Even in high-income countries, hypertension remains largely underdiagnosed and undertreated, with consequent low rates of blood pressure (BP) control.
  • 550
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ferroptosis in Cardiovascular Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are still a major cause of global mortality and disability, seriously affecting people’s lives. Due to the severity and complexity of these diseases, it is important to find new regulatory mechanisms to treat CVDs. Ferroptosis is a new kind of regulatory cell death currently being investigated. Increasing evidence showed that ferroptosis plays an important role in CVDs, such as in ischemia/reperfusion injury, heart failure, cardiomyopathy, and atherosclerosis. 
  • 660
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia, increasing with age and comorbidities. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic sleep disorder more common in older men. It has been shown that OSA is linked to AF. Nonetheless, the prevalence of OSA in patients with AF remains unknown because OSA is significantly underdiagnosed. 
  • 423
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Total Endovascular Aortic Arch Repair
Aortic arch surgery is one of the most complex procedures in cardiac surgery. The gold-standard therapy for the treatment of aortic arch pathologies (including penetrating ulcers, intramural hematoma, aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms) remains open surgery performed under Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB) with hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective cerebral perfusion.
  • 392
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
ROS in the Pathogenesis of CHF Development
With respect to structural and functional cardiac disorders, heart failure (HF) is divided into HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Oxidative stress contributes to the development of both HFrEF and HFpEF. Identification of a broad spectrum of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced pathways in preclinical models has provided new insights about the importance of ROS in HFrEF and HFpEF development. 
  • 624
  • 15 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Copper Metabolism in Heart Disease
Copper is an essential trace metal element that significantly affects human physiology and pathology by regulating various important biological processes, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, iron mobilization, connective tissue crosslinking, antioxidant defense, melanin synthesis, blood clotting, and neuron peptide maturation. Increasing lines of evidence obtained from studies of cell culture, animals, and human genetics have demonstrated that dysregulation of copper metabolism causes heart disease, which is the leading cause of mortality in the US. Defects of copper homeostasis caused by perturbed regulation of copper chaperones or copper transporters or by copper deficiency resulted in various types of heart disease, including cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and diabetes mellitus cardiomyopathy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2022
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