Summary

Hypertension is a major public health concern worldwide because of its rising prevalence and concomitant risks of cardiovascular diseases. Coping strategies may encompass a full spectrum of clinical, epidemiological, experimental, and technological factors to inspire front-line practices and shape critical thinking. This entry collection aims to assemble entries of wealthy topics related to clinical, therapeutic, and population sciences of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases that could inform research scientists and healthcare professionals.

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Entries
Topic Review
Inflammation and Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis, a disease of the arteries set off initially by fat deposition, is a major cause of life-threatening cardiovascular events. It was long thought to be a passive process caused by the accumulation of cholesterol within the lumen of arteries resulting in ischemia and an eventual complete blockage. Arteries are composed of endothelial cells (EC), elastin, collagen, and smooth muscle cells. ECs line the lumen of vessels and are subject to physical demands, such as shear stress, imposed by the flow of blood. Such stressors fluctuate and vary through the length of the artery, owing to the rheological properties of the blood and vulnerable areas of the arteries, such as branching points. Atherosclerosis is now known to be an active chronic inflammatory disease. Recently inflammation resolution has garnered great interest, as studies showed that it is active concerted effort by a class of specialized molecules termed SPMs, which led to look at treating that inflammation by enhancing its resolution.
  • 575
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Unmet Needs in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) swiftly evolved from a disrupting technology towards mainstream therapy in the field of severe symptomatic aortic stenosis. A series of randomized evaluations established its role in treating severe aortic stenosis patients across all surgical risk categories, paving the way for an extension of its indications to younger low-risk patients with a longer life expectancy.
  • 532
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 especial therapy effects combine the therapy of myocardial infarction, heart failure, pulmonary hypertension arrhythmias, and thrombosis prevention and reversal. The shared therapy effect occurred as part of its even larger cytoprotection (cardioprotection) therapy effect (direct epithelial cell protection; direct endothelium cell protection) that BPC 157 exerts as a novel cytoprotection mediator, which is native and stable in human gastric juice, as well as easily applicable.
  • 498
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Coronary Arteries Aneurysms
Coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) is an abnormal dilatation of a coronary artery segment, those coronary artery aneurysms that are very large in size are defined as giant. The reported prevalence of coronary aneurysms in the population who underwent coronary angiography ranges from 0.3% to 5%, and often CAAs are found in patient with aneurysms in other sites. Often, CAA is found in the context of acute coronary syndrome but CAA can be a found in sudden cardiac death patient. Currently, very few data exist about CAA treatment and often it is case-based. In this research, through two clinical cases, the current evidence regarding diagnostic tools and treatment options of CAAs will be described.
  • 520
  • 13 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Risk Factors for Thoracic Aortic Dissection
Thoracic aortic aneurysms involving the root and/or the ascending aorta enlarge over time until an acute tear in the intimal layer leads to a highly fatal condition, an acute aortic dissection (AAD). These Stanford type A AADs, in which the tear occurs above the sinotubular junction, leading to the formation of a false lumen in the aortic wall that may extend to the arch and thoracoabdominal aorta. Type B AADs originate in the descending thoracic aorta just distal to the left subclavian artery. Genetic variants and various environmental conditions that disrupt the aortic wall integrity have been identified that increase the risk for thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAD). 
  • 604
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology and Classification of Aortic Dissection
The aorta is the largest artery in the body, delivering oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all organs. Dissection of the aorta is a lethal condition caused by a tear in the intimal layer of the aorta, followed by blood loss within the aortic wall and separation of the layers to full dissection. The aorta can be affected by a wide range of causes including acute conditions such as trauma and mechanical damage; and genetic conditions such as arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and connective tissue disorders; all increasing the risk of dissection. Both rapid diagnostic recognition and advanced multidisciplinary treatment are critical in managing aortic dissection patients.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chronic Thoracic Aortic Dissection
Thoracic aortic dissection (AD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Acute aortic syndrome is the first presentation of the disease in most cases. While acute AD management follows concrete guidelines because of its urgent and life-threatening nature, chronic AD is usually overlooked, although it concerns a wide spectrum of patients surviving an acute event. 
  • 404
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Gut Microbiota and Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a malignant pulmonary vascular disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary vasoconstriction, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Developments in genomics and metabolomics have gradually revealed the roles of the gut microbiota (GM) and its metabolites in cardiovascular diseases. Accumulating evidence reveals that the GM plays important roles in the occurrence and development of PAH. Gut microbiota dysbiosis directly increases the gut permeability, thereby facilitating pathological bacterial translocation and allowing translocation of bacterial products such as lipopolysaccharides from the gut into circulation. This process aggravates pulmonary perivascular inflammation and exacerbates PAH development through the endothelial–mesenchymal transition. Additionally, a shift in the composition of PAH also affects the gut metabolites. Changes in gut metabolites, such as decreased short-chain fatty acids, increased trimethylamine N-oxide, and elevated serotonin, contribute to pulmonary perivascular inflammation and pulmonary vascular remodeling by activating several signaling pathways. Studies of the intestinal microbiota in treating pulmonary hypertension have strengthened linkages between the GM and PAH. Probiotic therapy and fecal microbiota transplantation may supplement existing PAH treatments.
  • 511
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Effect of Exercise on Mitochondria in Cardiovascular Disease
Mitochondria dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Exercise training is potentially an effective non-pharmacological strategy to restore mitochondrial health in CVD.
  • 484
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Patients with Bicuspid Aortopathy and Aortic Dilatation
Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most frequent congenital cardiac disease. Alteration of ascending aorta diameter is a consequence of shear stress alterations due to haemodynamic abnormalities developed from inadequate valve cusp coaptation.
  • 479
  • 25 Oct 2022
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