Summary

HandWiki is the world's largest wiki-style encyclopedia dedicated to science, technology and computing. It allows you to create and edit articles as long as you have external citations and login account. In addition, this is a content management environment that can be used for collaborative editing of original scholarly content, such as books, manuals, monographs and tutorials.

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Tobacco Products
Tobacco is the agricultural product of the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. All species of Nicotiana contain the addictive drug nicotine—a stimulant and sedative contained in all parts of the plants except the seeds—which occurs in varying amounts depending on the species and variety cultivated. See types of tobacco and curing of tobacco for more information. The vast majority of commercially available tobacco is derived from the species Nicotiana tabacum, although it is also produced from Nicotiana alata, and to a lesser extent Nicotiana clevelandii, Nicotiana longiflora, and Nicotiana rustica, among others. N. rustica in particular contains much more nicotine than N. tabacum and other species of Nicotiana, and forms the basis of a number of unique tobacco products, including several preparations used in Latin American shamanic ceremonies. Once tobacco has been grown, harvested, cured, and processed, it is used to produce a number of different products. These are most often consumable; however, tobacco and the nicotine derived from it are also used to create pesticides. Tobacco products can generally be divided into two types: smoked tobacco (see tobacco smoking) and smokeless tobacco. An expert in tobacco and tobacco products — especially pipes, pipe tobacco, and cigars—including their procurement and sale, is called a tobacconist. The health effects of tobacco consumption are discussed in health effects of tobacco.
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  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Scientific Community Metaphor
In computer science, the scientific community metaphor is a metaphor used to aid understanding scientific communities. The first publications on the scientific community metaphor in 1981 and 1982 involved the development of a programming language named Ether that invoked procedural plans to process goals and assertions concurrently by dynamically creating new rules during program execution. Ether also addressed issues of conflict and contradiction with multiple sources of knowledge and multiple viewpoints.
  • 487
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Conceptual Programs in Physics
Different subfields of physics have different programs for determining the state of a physical system.
  • 522
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
HandWiki
HandWiki is an internet Wiki-style encyclopedia for professional researchers in various branches of science and computer science. As other Wiki type encyclopedias, HandWiki is designed for collaborative editing of articles. Unlike the traditional Wikipedia that uses the categories concept for all articles located in the main namespace, HandWiki uses dedicated namespaces for each topic. This allows creation of "Books" or "Manual" by grouping articles under the same namespace. According to the Handwiki designers, this can simplify organization of articles according to particular topic. HandWiki has the following topics included in the dedicated namespaces: Mathematics, Computers, Analysis, Physics, Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Unsolved. In addition to the categories preserved from Wikipedia, HandWiki has its own categories for original articles posted to HandWiki. One notable feature of HandWiki is that it allows to collaborate in real-time on many types of documents (lectures, books, technical documents, etc.) with multiple authors. The text can be protected from viewing, and can only be available for groups of people working on the same project. HandWiki can be used to convert such articles to LaTeX and to use BibTeX for referencing. These two features are a significant advantage for preparing research articles for publication. The HandWiki is designed using the MediaWiki software with additional extensions for inclusion of references to programming codes and BibTeX citations. Handwiki allows adding advertisements to the end of the articles. The advertising icons can be grouped according to the HandWiki topics.
  • 13.0K
  • 24 Apr 2026
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Micro-Test Technology
Non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT) is a scientific research technology used for measuring physiological events of intact biological samples. NMT is used for research in many biological areas such as gene function, plant physiology, biomedical research, and environmental science. Most living things experience a constant exchange of ions and molecules with their surroundings as a result of biological processes. NMT uses specialized flux sensors, derived from microelectrodes, to measure this dynamic ion/molecule activity called flux around an intact sample. These fluxes reveal information about physiological phenomena. Each NMT flux sensor is selective or specific for a particular ion/molecule of choice. Some of the more commonly published ion/molecule flux sensors are those that are commercially available, such as Ca2+, H+, K+, Na+, Cl−, Mg2+, Cd2+, NH4+, NO3−, Pb2+, Cu2+, O2, H2O2, and IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). Some other flux sensors include glutamate, glucose, Zn2+, Hg2+, and more that have been designed by individual laboratories. NMT measures how much, how fast, and in what direction the chosen ions/molecules are moving. This is defined as diffusion flux, which is the amount of substance per unit area per unit time. The principle of how NMT measures flux was described in the 1990s by a few different laboratories; Lionel Jaffe at the Marine Biological Laboratory described the Vibrating Probe technique, and Ian Newman at the University of Tasmania described the MIFE™ technique. There are also technologies SERIS and SIET that use this principle.
  • 1.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Political Libel
The criminal statutes protecting nobility from criticism in 16th- and 17th-century England eventually evolved into various categories of political libel (see slander and libel for the modern incarnation of this law). Cases of political libel and eventually damages actions were handled by the infamous Star Chamber until its abolition in 1641. By the end of that century, many elements of the common law of libel had been established. Modern slander and libel law evolved since then to mostly eradicate the use of libel laws to intimidate active political participants during a public debate. Accordingly, this is now a matter of historical interest only in all jurisdictions other than Canada, where use of the law by government, political and religious groups is common, and often used against defendants outside Canada.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System
The Europa Thermal Emission Imaging System (E-THEMIS) instrument is designed to scan the surface of Europa and identify areas of geologically recent resurfacing through the detection of subtle thermal anomalies. This 'heat detector' will provide high spatial resolution, multi-spectral thermal imaging of Europa to help detect active sites such as outflows and plumes. E-THEMIS will be launched on board the planned Europa Clipper astrobiology mission to Jupiter's moon Europa in 2025. The E-THEMIS uses technology inherited from the THEMIS camera flown on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter, and the OSIRIS-REx OTES instruments.
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  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
UN-SPIDER
UN-SPIDER ("United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response") is a platform which facilitates the use of space-based technologies for disaster management and emergency response. It is a programme under the auspices of the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA).
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  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Electrical Resistance Heating Remediation
Electrical Resistance Heating (ERH) is an intensive in situ environmental remediation method that uses the flow of alternating current electricity to heat soil and groundwater and evaporate contaminants. Electric current is passed through a targeted soil volume between subsurface electrode elements. The resistance to electrical flow that exists in the soil causes the formation of heat; resulting in an increase in temperature until the boiling point of water at depth is reached. After reaching this temperature, further energy input causes a phase change, forming steam and removing volatile contaminants. ERH is typically more cost effective when used for treating contaminant source areas....
  • 756
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Southern African Lion
The Southern African lion is a Panthera leo melanochaita population in Southern Africa. During the 20th century, lion populations in this part of Africa became fragmented and declined in several range countries due to loss of habitat and prey base, poaching and killing of lions to protect livestock and human life. In 2005, a Lion Conservation Strategy was developed for Southern and East Africa. Today, lion populations are stable only in large protected area complexes. In intensively managed protected areas in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe, they increased since the turn of this century. The scientific name P. l. melanochaita was proposed for the Cape lion in 1842 that was eradicated in the mid-19th century. P. l. melanochaita differs genetically from P. leo leo; the two subspecies probably diverged at least 50,000 years ago.
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  • 18 Oct 2022
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