Summary

Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today, it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental studies are incorporating more of the social sciences in order to understand human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. This entry collection features information about design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.

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Topic Review
Urban Freight Transport Electrification in Palestine
Recently, due to the industrial and e-commerce revolution, the freight transport sector has grown rapidly and has become one of the key factors for economic development. Coupled with the growth of this sector, significant energy and environmental problems have arisen. Therefore, a huge effort has been made around the world in order to develop some solutions that could mitigate these problems. One of these promising solutions is electrifying the urban freight transport sector including the trucks and freight commercial vehicles fleets. In Palestine, electric freight commercial vehicles have penetrated the market.
  • 397
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
MCDM Approach in Steel Industry
Supply chain sustainability, which takes environmental, economic, and social factors into account, was recently recognized as a critical component of the supply chain (SC) management evaluation process and known as a multi-criteria decision-making problem (MCDM) that is heavily influenced by the decision-makers. While some criteria can be analyzed numerically, a large number of qualitative criteria require expert review in linguistic terms.
  • 500
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Plant Central Metabolism to Abiotic Stress
Plants are constantly exposed to a plethora of stresses under natural conditions. Stress in plants can be described as anything that can cause a change from ideal growth and developmental conditions. Stresses can be classified as abiotic or biotic, where abiotic stresses are caused by nonliving factors in the surrounding environment, such as extremes in temperature, drought, flooding, and high salinity. Abiotic stresses are unavoidable to plants due to their inability to move. 
  • 563
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning System
The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is a major energy consumer in office buildings, and its operation is critical for indoor thermal comfort.
  • 714
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas
Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the Sporothrix genus. In the found 124 publications with reports related to sporotrichosis in the Americas, 12,636 patients got infection caused by species of the genus Sporothrix. It was observed that 87.45% (11,050) were reported in South America, 11.55% (1460) in North America, and 1.00% (126) in Central America and the Caribbean.
  • 371
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Nutritional Value of Insects in Pet Food
Due to the increasing global population, the world cannot currently support the well-known techniques of food production due to their harmful effects on land use, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. The key answer is a solution based on the use of edible insects. They have always been present in the diet of animals. They are characterized by a very good nutritional value (e.g., high protein content and contents of essential amino acids and fatty acids, including lauric acid), and products with them receive positive results in palatability tests. 
  • 694
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Indigenous Kinabatangan Perspectives on Climate Change Adaptations
Indigenous perspectives on the effects of climate change are frequently elicited through surveys and interviews, and the responses are compared to meteorological data. However, there remains a limited approach to examining the underlying predictors that best determine Indigenous support for adaptation strategies. Some Indigenous communities do not draw a causal link between the effects and responses to climate hazards. Coping strategies such as the inclusion of Indigenous livelihoods, a bottom-up approach, and transparent communication are suggested to cultivate Indigenous support for climate change adaptation. 
  • 446
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
CO2–Brine–Rock Interaction in Geological Storage Process
CO2–brine–rock interaction impacts the behavior and efficiency of CO2 geological storage; a thorough understanding of these impacts is important. A lot of research in the past has considered the nature and impact of CO2–brine–rock interaction and much has been learned. Given that the solubility and rate of mineralization of CO2 in brine under reservoir conditions is slow, free and mobile, CO2 will be contained in the reservoir for a long time until the phase of CO2 evolves.
  • 454
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Bacterial Urban Resistome
Cities that are densely populated are reservoirs of antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs). The overall presence of all resistance genes in a specific environment is defined as a resistome. Spatial proximity of surfaces and different hygienic conditions leads to the transfer of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) within urban environments. Built environments, public transportation, green spaces, and citizens’ behaviors all support persistence and transfer of antimicrobial resistances (AMR). 
  • 589
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Intelligent Road Defects Detection Technology
Road defects are important factors affecting traffic safety. In order to improve the identification efficiency of road diseases and the pertinence of maintenance and management, intelligent detection technologies of road diseases have been developed. The problems of high cost and low efficiency of artificial inspection of road diseases are solved efficiently, and the quality of road construction is improved availably. This is not only the guarantee of highway quality but also the guarantee of people’s lives and safety.
  • 3.0K
  • 15 Jun 2022
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