Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Carlos Sánchez
 -- 2044 2022-06-16 10:39:57 |
2 format correct
Vivi Li
 + 43 word(s) 2087 2022-06-17 04:58:59 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Sánchez, C.; Martínez Herrera, E.; Arenas, R.; Pinto-Almazán, R.; , .; Sierra-Maeda, K.Y.; Conde-Cuevas, E.; Xicohtencatl-Cortes, J.; Velásquez Bámaca, J.; Hernandez-Castro, R.; et al. Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24103 (accessed on 17 November 2024).
Sánchez C, Martínez Herrera E, Arenas R, Pinto-Almazán R,  , Sierra-Maeda KY, et al. Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24103. Accessed November 17, 2024.
Sánchez, Carlos, Erick Martínez Herrera, Roberto Arenas, Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán,  , Karla Yaeko Sierra-Maeda, Esther Conde-Cuevas, Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes, Jimmy Velásquez Bámaca, Rigoberto Hernandez-Castro, et al. "Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24103 (accessed November 17, 2024).
Sánchez, C., Martínez Herrera, E., Arenas, R., Pinto-Almazán, R., , ., Sierra-Maeda, K.Y., Conde-Cuevas, E., Xicohtencatl-Cortes, J., Velásquez Bámaca, J., Hernandez-Castro, R., & Cerdeira, C. (2022, June 16). Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/24103
Sánchez, Carlos, et al. "Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas." Encyclopedia. Web. 16 June, 2022.
Epidemiology of Clinical Sporotrichosis in the Americas
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/jof8060588

Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the Sporothrix genus. In the found 124 publications with reports related to sporotrichosis in the Americas, 12,636 patients got infection caused by species of the genus Sporothrix. It was observed that 87.45% (11,050) were reported in South America, 11.55% (1460) in North America, and 1.00% (126) in Central America and the Caribbean.

sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto the Americas

1. Introduction

Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by thermo-dimorphic fungi species of the Sporothrix genus. Previously, the classification of the species of sporotrichosis was conducted through the classification of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, which included Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix brasiliensis (S. brasiliensis), Sporothrix globosa (S. globosa), Sporothrix luriei (S. lurieri), Sporothrix pallida (S. pallida), Sporothrix mexicana (S. mexicana), and Sporothrix chilensis (S. chilensis) [1][2]. However, since 2016, the taxonomical classification of Sporothrix has been changed into a clinical clade that includes Sporothrix schenckii, S. globosa, S. brasiliensis, and S. luriei. On some occasions, the species of the environmental clade, such as S. pallida, S. mexicana, and S. chilensis may cause infection upon contact with an individual [1][2][3][4]. The infections occur mainly cutaneously or subcutaneously with lymphatic involvement [1][2][3][4]. This infection has been considered the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America [2]. Such infections can be difficult to diagnose with the naked eye since they can be similar to infiltrative or ulcerative lesions from vascular and inflammatory disorders [1][3].
For this subcutaneous infection to develop, a direct trauma must occur first. For example, inoculation occurs when the skin is punctured by plants with thorns, gardeners are a classic case of this. Also, inoculation can occur through fomites that contact contaminated soil. For instance, people who wear sandals can suffer trauma from stones, firewood, or thorns with fungal spores on their surface [2][3]. With all the above, it can be inferred that this type of fungal infection is associated with regions where the main livelihood is agriculture, that is, in environments where the climate is tropical and subtropical. Another form of transmission, which has been increasing in recent times in some regions of the continent such as Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Panama, has been reported to result from scratches, bites, pecks, and stings from different animals [1][2][3][4].
There are several techniques for detecting sporotrichosis, including Sabouraud dextrose agar cultures, lactophenol blue or erythromycin staining, histopathological studies, and PCR sequencing, among others [5][6][7] (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Sporothrix spp. culture and erythromycin staining 40×.
As for the clinical forms of sporotrichosis, various types have been described, such as the lymphocutaneous, fixed cutaneous, and, as mentioned earlier, the disseminated or hematogenous forms where both organs and tissues can be affected [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. The latter is the rarest because the recommended antifungal regimens are usually effective; however, in patients with alterations in cellular immunity, these infections can spread [2][3][4].

2. Epidemiology of Sporotrichosis in North America

A total of 48 publications related to sporotrichosis were found in North America [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. There were 1460 patients in total associated with infection caused by species of the genus Sporothrix. According to the previous classification, it was found that in Canada, only two case reports were found, one from Ontario and the other from Toronto [5][6]. In the US, 27 reports containing 1 clinical case were found (81.5% S. schenckii, 18.5% Sporothrix spp., S. schenckii complex, and S. schenckii sensu lato) [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Of these, seven cases came from California, three from Oklahoma, two cases from Kansas, Texas, Arizona, Minnesota, and Florida, one case from Michigan, Nebraska, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and finally, one case without a specific city or region. In Mexico, there were 19 reports registered with 1431 reported cases (84.7% Sporothrix spp., 14.47% S. schenckii, 0.55% S. globosa, 0.21% S. schenckii sensu stricto, 0.07% S. mexicana) [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. Jalisco reported 1060 cases, Guerrero 150, Nayarit 23, Zacatecas 21, Michoacan 20, Guanajuato 14, Oaxaca 9, Puebla, and San Luis Potosí 8 each, Mexico City 6, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Querétaro, and Veracruz 2 each, Baja California, Durango, State of Mexico, and Morelos 1 each, and 99 cases were reported with an unspecified city (Table 1). When classifying according to the current taxonomy [1][2][3][4], researchers can mention that in Canada, 50% of the sporotrichosis was due to S. schenckii and 50% to Sporothrix spp. [5][6]. In the US, it was reported that Sporothrix spp. (85.19%) and S. schenckii (14.81%) were responsible for this pathology [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]. Finally, in Mexico, 85.05% were due to Sporothrix spp., 14.33% S. schenckii, 0.55% S. globosa, and 0.07% S. mexicana [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52].
Table 1. Epidemiology of Sporotrichosis in North America.
Region Country City Number of Reported Cases Vulnerable Population Diagnostic Method Type of Sporotrichosis Etiological Agents
(%)		 References
Sex Age (Years) Taxonomy
Before 2017 After 2017
North America Canada Ontario 1 Male 44 PCR sequencing (ITS region) Disseminated S. schenckii S. schenckii [5]
Toronto 1 Male 78 Fungal culture,
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Lymphocutaneous S. schenckii complex Sporothrix spp. [6]
USA California 1 Female 7 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Lymphocutaneous S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [7]
Minnesota 1 Male 61 Fungal culture Disseminated S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [8]
ND 1 Female 87 Fungal culture Lymphocutaneous on the eyelid S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [9]
Pennsylvania 1 Male 67 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Lymphocutaneous S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [10]
Texas 1 Male 34 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Disseminated Sporothrix spp. Sporothrix spp. [11]
Texas 1 Male 9 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Lymphocutaneous on the eyelid S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [12]
California 1 Female 41 Fungal culture Lymphocutaneous S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [13]
Oregon 1 Male 53 Fungal culture Disseminated Sporothrix spp. Sporothrix spp. [14]
Oklahoma 1 Male 66 Latex agglutination test Disseminated S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [15]
Florida 1 Male 33 month-Old Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Atypical lymphadenitis S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [16]
Minnesota 1 Male 49 Fungal culture Pulmonary sporotrichosis Sporothrix spp. Sporothrix spp. [17]
Arizona 1 Male 56 Fungal culture Lymphocutaneous and disseminated (10 months later) S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [18]
California 1 Male 39 Fungal culture Sporothrical arthritis S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [19]
California 1 Male 89 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Disseminated S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [20]
Michigan 1 Female 57 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Lymphocutaneous S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [21]
California 1 Male 34 Latex agglutination test Chronic meningitis S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [22]
Kansas 1 Male 33 Fungal culture
MALDI-TOF		 Sporothrical arthritis S. schenckii Sporothrix schenckii [23]
Oklahoma 1 Male 44 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Pulmonary sporotrichosis S. schenckii sensu lato Sporothrix spp. [24]
California 1 Male 41 Fungal culture Sporothrical arthritis S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [25]
California 1 Female 35 Fungal culture Disseminated S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [26]
Nebraska 1 Male 62 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Disseminated S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [27]
Boston 1 Female 35 MALDI-TOF Fixed cutaneous S. schenckii S. schenckii [28]
Kansas 1 Male 30 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Disseminated S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [29]
Florida 1 Male 76 History and physical examination Lymphocutaneous Sporothrix spp. Sporothrix spp. [30]
Oklahoma 1 Male 23 Fungal culture Lymphocutaneous S. schenckii complex Sporothrix spp. [31]
Washington 1 Female 44 Fungal culture
PCR sequencing (ITS 1–2)		 Disseminated S. schenckii S. schenckii [32]
Arizona 1 Female 72 PCR DNA sequencing Laryngotracheal granulomatous disease S. schenckii S. schenckii [33]
Mexico Veracruz 1 Male 39 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Atypical S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [34]
Puebla 1 Male 36 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Disseminated S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [35]
Oaxaca 1 Male 13 Fungal culture Lymphocutaneous on the left hand, forearm, and upper arm Sporothrix spp. Sporothrix spp. [36]
Mexico City 1 Male 54 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Disseminated (Testicular involvement) S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [37]
Guerrero 1 Female 36 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Disseminated Sporothrix spp. Sporothrix spp. [38]
Durango 1 Male 68 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Disseminated Sporothrix spp. Sporothrix spp. [39]
ND 24 Male
(16)
Female
(8)		 Average: 35.5 PCR sequencing (calmodulin gene) Cutaneous disseminated
16 (66.7%)
Cutaneous disseminated + Mucosal
3 (12.5%)
Joint
1 (4.1%)
Visceral
1 (4.1%)
Fungaemia
1 (4.1%)
Mucosal + Visceral + Fungemia:
1 (4.1%)
Visceral + Fungaemia
1 (4.1%)		 S. schenckii
23 (95.5%).
S. globosa
1 (4.5%)		 S. schenckii
23 (95.5%).
S. globosa
1 (4.5%)		 [40]
ND 55 Male
(34)
ND
Female
(18)		   Sporotrichin Skin Test
Fungal culture		 Lymphocutaneous 32 (58.2%)
Fixed cutaneous
19 (34.5%)
Disseminated
4 (7.3%)		 S. schenckii
54 (98%)
S. globosa
1 (2%)		 S. schenckii
54 (98%)
S. globosa
1 (2%)		 [41]
Guerrero 73 Male
(33)
Female
(40)		 Average: 25.8 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Lymphocutaneous: 41 (56.16%)
Fixed cutaneous
24 (32.87%)
Disseminated
8 (10.95%)		 S. schenckii S. schenckii [42]
Chihuahua 1 Female 84 Multiplex PCR (Calmodulin gene) Fixed cutaneous (Auricular sporotrichosis) S. schenckii (sensu stricto) S. schenckii [43]
Baja California 1 Male 23 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Lymphocutaneous S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [44]
San Luis Potosi 8
Puebla 3
Mexico City 2
Queretaro 2
Guanajuato 2
Jalisco 1
Zacatecas 1
Michoacan 1
Morelos 1
State of Mexico 1		 22 ND   PCR sequencing (Calmodulin and calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase genes) Lymphocutaneous: 17 (77.3%)
Fixed cutaneous
4 (18.2%)
Disseminated
1 (4.5%)		 S. schenckii:
18 (81.8%)
S. globosa
4 (18.2%)		 S. schenckii:
18 (81.8%)
S. globosa
4 (18.2%)		 [45]
Puebla 4
Nuevo Leon 2
Oaxaca 6
Mexico City 3
Jalisco 2		 17 ND   PCR sequencing (Calmodulin gene) Lymphocutaneous: 16 (94.11%)
Disseminated: 1 (5.88%)		 S. schenckii:
16 (94.11%)
S. globosa
1 (5.88%)		 S. schenckii:
16 (94.11%)
S. globosa
1 (5.88%)		 [46]
Guerrero 76 Male (35)
Female
(41)		 <18: 37
>18: 39		 Fungal culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)		 Lymphocutaneous 43 (56.8%)
Fixed cutaneous
24 (32.3%)
Disseminated
8 (11%)		 Sporothrix spp. Sporothrix spp. [47]
Jalisco 1057
Nayarit 23
Zacatecas 20
Michoacan 19
Guanajuato 12
Veracruz 1
Chihuahua 1		 1134 Male
(669)
Female
(465)		   ND Lymphocutaneous: 782 (69%)
Fixed cutaneous:
308 (27.2%)
Disseminated
44 (38.8%)		 S. schenckii complex Sporothrix spp. [48]
ND 1 Male 45 PCR sequencing (Calmodulin gene) Disseminated S. schenckii complex S. schenckii [49]
ND 1 Male 56 Fungal Culture
Biopsy (Histopathology)
PCR sequencing (ITS and calmodulin gene)		 Fixed cutaneous sporotrichosis S. mexicana S. mexicana [50]
ND 18 Male
(10)
Female
(8)		 ND PCR sequencing (ITS regions) Lymphocutaneous 13 (72.2%)
Fixed cutaneous
5 (27.8%)		 S. schenckii
17 (94.4%)
S. globosa: 1 (5.6%)		 S. schenckii
17 (94.4%)
S. globosa: 1 (5.6%)		 [51]
Oaxaca 2 Male 61 Multiplex PCR (Calmodulin gene) Fixed cutaneous
1 (50%)
Disseminated
1 (50%)		 S. schenckii sensu stricto S. schenckii [52]
Male 21
ND: Not Determined.

3. Epidemiology of Sporotrichosis in Central America and the Caribbean

Only 8 publications with 126 cases of sporotrichosis were found in Central America and the Caribbean [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. In the only article found from Costa Rica during the search period, 57 isolates were analyzed in San José, finding the presence of 2 species: S. schenckii sensu stricto (93%), S. brasiliensis (3.5%), and Sporothix spp. (3.5%) [53]. On the other hand, there were 3 reports in Guatemala with 65 cases (98.5% Sporothrix spp. and 1.5% S. schenckii sensu stricto), with all cases being from Guatemala City [54][55][56]. Finally, reports of a single case were found in Honduras (Tegucigalpa); the agent responsible for the infection was S. schenckii, and in Panama (Correa District), the agent was not determined [57][58]. In the Caribbean, only two reports of S. schenckii sensu lato from Cuba were found [59][60]. Regarding the new taxonomic classification, it was determined that in Costa Rica, 93% of the cases were caused by S. schenckii, 3.5% by S. brasiliensis, and 3.5% by Sporothix spp. [53]. Meanwhile, in Guatemala, the main pathogenic agent was Sporothrix spp. with 98.5% and S. schenckii with 1.5% [54][55][56]. In Honduras and Panama, it was observed that the agent Sporothrix spp. was responsible for sporotrichosis, with one case per country (100%) [57][58]. In Cuba, there were two reports of a case due to Sporothrix spp., which represents 100% [59][60].
The most frequently reported form was lymphocutaneous with 39 cases (30.95%), followed by fixed cutaneous with 26 (20.63%), the disseminated form with 2 (1.59%), 1 case of chancre (0.79%), and 58 ND cases (46.03%) [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]. The most common etiological agents noted were Sporothrix spp. with 55.56% (70/126), S. schenckii with 42.85% (54/126), and S. brasiliensis with 1.59% (2/126) [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60].
Regarding diagnosis, fungal culture was used as a diagnostic method in all articles (8/8), followed by histopathological examination (5/8). In this case, also, the histopathological examination was always accompanied by fungal cultures. PCR sequencing (2/8) employing the calmodulin gene in one article and the ITS1-2 region in the other was also used as a diagnostic tool. Lastly, diagnosis with microscopy using lactophenol blue was mentioned in two reports (Table 2) [53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60].
Table 2. Epidemiology of Sporotrichosis in Central America and the Caribbean.
Region Country City Number of Reported Cases Vulnerable Population Diagnostic Method Type of Sporotrichosis Etiological Agents
(%)		 References
Sex Age (Years) Taxonomy
Before 2017 After 2017
Central America Costa Rica San José 57
(1994–2015)		 No data   Direct microscopy, culture, PCR (enzymatic restriction and sequencing of the calmodulin gen) ND S. schenckii sensu stricto
53 (93%)
S. brasiliensis
2 (3.5%)
Sporothrix spp.
2 (3.5%)		 S. schenckii
53 (93%)
S. brasiliensis
2 (3.5%)
Sporothrix spp.
2 (3.5%)		 [53]
Guatemala Guatemala City 11 Male 7
Female 4		 Average 49 years Fungal culture,
Histopathology		 Fixed cutaneous
9 (81.8%)
Lymphocutaneous
2 (18.2%)		 Sporothrix spp. (100%) Sporothrix spp. (100%) [54]
Guatemala City 53
(2007–2016)		 Male 33
Female 20		 Average 44.1 years Fungal culture,
microscope with Lactophenol
cotton blue		 Lymphocutaneous 33 (62.2%)
Fixed cutaneous
17 (32.1%)
Disseminated
2 (3.8%)
Chancre
1 (1.9%)		 Sporothrix schenckii complex.
(100%)		 Sporothrix spp.
(100%)		 [55]
Guatemala City 1 ND   Fungal culture, PCR sequencing (ITS 1- 2 and β
-tubulin)		 ND Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto Sporothrix schenckii [56]
Honduras Tegucigalpa 1 Male 1 14 years Fungal culture Lymphocutaneous
1 (100%)		 S. schenckii Sporothrix spp. [57]
Panamá Chorrera District 1 Male 1 34 years Clinical,
Direct Microscopy, Fungal culture.		 Lymphocutaneous
1 (100%)		 ND Sporothrix spp. [58]
Caribbean Cuba Pinar del Río 1 Female 1 57 years Histopathology
Fungal culture		 Lymphocutaneous Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato
(100%)		 Sporothrix spp.
(100%)		 [59]
Cumanayagüa 1 Male 67 Histopathology,
Fungal culture,
Microscopy with lactophenol cotton blue		 Lymphocutaneous Sporothrix schenckii
sensu lato
(100%)		 Sporothrix spp.
(100%)		 [60]
ND: Not Determined.

4. Epidemiology of Sporotrichosis in South America

A total of 68 publications with 11,050 cases of sporotrichosis were found in South America [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131]. Of these, 4 reports were found in Argentina during the analyzed period with 38 cases, of which 9 were caused by S. schenckii sensu stricto (23.68%), 26 by S. brasiliensis (68.52%), 1 by S. globosa (2.6%), 1 by S. schenckii (2.6%), and 1 by S. schenckii complex (2.6%) [61][62][63][64]. Brazil reported 42 articles with 5546 analyzed cases [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106], identifying Sporothrix spp. and S. schenckii complex as the causative agent in 4906 cases (88.46%), S. schenckii in 302 (5.45%), S. brasiliensis in 125 (2.25%), Sporothrix sensu lato in 110 (1.98%), S. globosa plus S. schenckii in 91 cases (1.64%) Sporothrix sensu stricto in 5 (0.09%), S. globosa in 4 (0.07%), and S. mexicana in 3 (0.05%) during the studied period. In Colombia, 4 reports were found, adding up to 50 cases [56][107][108][109].S. Schenckii sensu stricto was identified in 22 cases (44.00%), Sporothrix spp. in 15 (30.00%), S. globosa in 12 (24.00%) and S. schenckii sensu lato in 1 (2.00%). Likewise, in Chile, 3 reported cases detected Sporothrix spp. in 1 (33.33%), S. globosa in 1 (33,33%), and Sporothrix pallida in 1 (33.33%) [110][111][112]. A total of 13 cases of Sporothrix spp. and S. schenckii complex (100%) were reported in Paraguay [113][114]. In Peru, from 4792 cases, S. schenckii was found in 4656 (97.16%), Sporothrix spp. and the Sporothrix complex in 116 (2.42%), S. schenkii sensu stricto in 19 (0.40%), and Sporothrix sensu lato in 1 (0.02%) [115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123]. There was 1 report of 157 cases of Sporothrix spp. (100%) found in Uruguay [124]. Finally, there were 4 reports from Venezuela with 452 cases of Sporothrix spp., and the Sporothrix complex was found in 220 of those cases (48.67%), S. schenckii sensu lato in 130 (28.76%), S. schenckii in 42 (9.29%), S. schenckii sensu stricto in 17 (3.76%), S. globosa in 39 (8.63%), 1 case of Ophiostoma stenoceras (0.22%) and 3 cases were ND (0.66%) [125][126][127][128].
Regarding the new taxonomic classification, in Argentina, 26.31% were S. schenckii, 68.42% S. brasiliensis, 2.63% S. globosa, and 2.63% Sporothrix spp. [61][62][63][64]. In Brazil, the main pathogenic agent was Sporothrix spp. with 95.56%, S. brasiliensis 2.25%, S. globosa plus S. schenckii 1.64%, S. schenckii 0.41%, S. globosa 0.07%, and S. mexicana 0.05% [65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106]. In Colombia, S. schenckii 44.00%, Sporothrix spp. 32.00%, and S. globosa 24.00% were the principal mycotic agents [56][107][108][109]. Regarding Chile, the pathogenic agents were Sporothrix spp., S. globose, and S. pallida (33.33% each) [110][111][112]. In Paraguay, the unique agent found was Sporothrix spp. (100%) [113][114]. For Peru, the most important pathogenic agents were Sporothrix spp. (99.54%), and S. schenckii (0.46%) [115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123]. In Uruguay, 100% of the cases were due to Sporothrix spp. (100%) [124]. In Venezuela, Sporothrix spp. (80.04%), S. schenckii (13.38%), and S. globose (6.57%) were the types of Sporothrix agents [125][126][127][128].
The most frequent types of disease were lymphocutaneous with 3293 cases (29.47%), fixed cutaneous with 1947 (17.43%), disseminated cutaneous with 34 (0.30%), systemic form with 18 (0.16%), and others with 177 cases (1.60%). However, there were 5702 cases (51.04%) with undetermined types from all the cases diagnosed as sporotrichosis [56][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128].
The most common reported etiological agent with the new taxonomical classification was Sporothrix spp. with 95.12% (10,511/11,050), followed by S. schenckii with 1.23% (136/11,050), S. brasiliensis with 2.27% (251/11,050), S. globosa plus S. schenckii with 0.82% (91/11,050), S. globosa with 0.52% (57/11,050), S. mexicana 0.027% (3/11,050), and S. pallida with 0.009% (1/11,050) [56][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120].

References

  1. Lopes-Bezerra, L.M.; Mora-Montes, H.M.; Zhang, Y.; Nino-Vega, G.; Rodrigues, A.M.; de Camargo, Z.P.; de Hoog, S. Sporotrichosis between 1898 and 2017: The evolution of knowledge on a changeable disease and on emerging etiological agents. Med. Mycol. 2018, 56, S126–S143.
  2. Rabello, V.B.S.; Almeida, M.A.; Bernardes-Engemann, A.R.; Almeida-Paes, R.; de Macedo, P.M.; Zancopé-Oliveira, R.M. The Historical Burden of Sporotrichosis in Brazil: A Systematic Review of Cases Reported from 1907 to 2020. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2022, 53, 231–244.
  3. Rodrigues, A.M.; Della Terra, P.P.; Gremião, I.D.; Pereira, S.A.; Orofino-Costa, R.; de Camargo, Z.P. The threat of emerging and re-emerging pathogenic Sporothrix species. Mycopathologia 2020, 185, 813–842.
  4. Gremião, I.D.F.; Evangelista Oliveira, M.M.; Monteiro de Miranda, L.H.; Saraiva Freitas, D.F.; Peraira, S.A. Geographic Expansion of Sporotrichosis, Brazil. Emergy Infect. Dis. 2020, 26, 621–662.
  5. Bunce, P.E.; Yang, L.; Chun, S.; Zhang, S.X.; Trinkaus, M.A.; Matukas, L.M. Disseminated sporotrichosis in a patient with hairy cell leukemia treated with amphotericin B and posaconazole. Med. Mycol. 2012, 50, 197–201.
  6. Tai, F.; Jakubovic, H.; Alabdulrazzaq, S.; Alavi, A. A case of sporotrichosis infection mimicking pyoderma gangrenosum and the role of tissue culture in diagnosis: A case report. SAGE Open Med. Case Rep. 2020, 8, 2050313X20919600.
  7. Hayfron, K.; Wiedeman, J.A. A 7-year-old girl with ulcerative lesion after a rodent bite. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2010, 29, 185–193.
  8. Kamal, A.; Orenstein, R. Disseminated sporotrichosis. J. Hosp. Med. 2010, 5, E29–E30.
  9. Lyengar, S.S.; Khan, J.A.; Brusco, M.; FitzSimmons, C.J. Cutaneous Sporothrix schenckii of the human eyelid. Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2010, 26, 305–306.
  10. Milby, A.H.; Pappas, N.D.; O’Donnell, J.; Bozentka, D.J. Sporotrichosis of the upper extremity. Orthopedics 2010, 33, 1–3.
  11. Assi, M.; Lakkis, I.E.; Wheat, L.J. Cross-reactivity in the Histoplasma antigen enzyme immunoassay caused by sporotrichosis. Clin. Vaccine Immunol. 2011, 18, 1781–1782.
  12. Parekh, P.K.; Butler, D.F. What is your diagnosis? Periorbital granulomatous plaque. Pediatr. Dermatol. 2011, 28, 457–458.
  13. Rees, R.K.; Swartzberg, J.E. Feline-transmitted sporotrichosis: A case study from California. Dermatol. Online. J. 2011, 17, 2.
  14. Sharon, V.R.; Kim, J.; Sudhakar, S.; Fung, M.A.; Maniar, A. Disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2013, 13, 95.
  15. Adnan, M.M.; Fierro-Fine, A.; Zhao, L.; Khalil, M.O. Metastic melanoma masquerading as disseminated sporotrichosis. J. Community Support. Oncol. 2014, 12, 339–340.
  16. Trotter, J.R.; Sriaroon, P.; Berman, D.; Petrovic, A.; Leiding, J.W. Sporothrix schenckii lymphadentitis in a male with X-linked chronic granulomatous disease. J. Clin. Immunol. 2014, 34, 49–52.
  17. Bahr, N.C.; Janssen, K.; Billings, J.; Loor, G.; Green, J.S. Respiratory failure due to possible donor-derived Sporothrix schenckii infection in a lung transplant recipient. Case Rep. Infect. Dis. 2015, 2015, 925718.
  18. Hassan, K.; Turker, T.; Zangeneh, T. Disseminated sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent patient. Case Rep. Plast. Surg. Hand Surg. 2016, 3, 44–47.
  19. Lederer, H.T.; Sullivan, E.; Crum-Cianflone, N.F. Sporotrichosis as an unusual case of osteomyelitis: A case report and review of the literature. Med. Mycol. Case Rep. 2016, 11, 31–35.
  20. Aronowitz, P.B.; Gilroy, M.; Christiansen, K.N. Disseminated Sporotrichosis with Osteolytic Bone Involvement. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2017, 32, 1063.
  21. Charles, K.; Lowe, L.; Shuman, E.; Cha, K.B. Painful linear ulcers: A case of cutaneous sporotrichosis mimicking pyoderma gangrenosum. JAAD Case Rep. 2017, 3, 519–552.
  22. Hessler, C.; Kauffman, C.A.; Chow, F.C. The upside of bias: A case of chronic meningitis due to Sporothrix schenckii in an immunocompetent host. Neurohospitalist 2017, 7, 30–34.
  23. Barbaryan, A.; El Atrouni, W.; Bailuc, S.; Jones, M.W.; Bhakta, M.; Mahmoud, K.H.; Mirrakhimov, A.E. Isolated Sporothrix schenckii monoarthritis. Case Rep. Infect. Dis. 2018, 2018, 9037657.
  24. Farooqui, S.M.; Youness, H. The Infection Returns: A case of pulmonary sporotrichosis relapse after chemotherapy. Case Rep. Med. 2018, 2018, 1384029.
  25. Patel, R.; Busby, L.P.; Motamedi, D. Delayed diagnosis in a case of smoldering sporotrichal monoarthropathy. J. Radiol. Case Rep. 2019, 13, 17–23.
  26. Saeed, L.; Weber, R.J.; Puryear, S.B.; Bahrani, E.; Peluso, M.J.; Babik, J.M.; Haemel, A.; Coates, S.J. Disseminated cutaneous and osteoarticular sporotrichosis mimicking pyoderma gangrenosum. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2019, 6, ofz395.
  27. White, M.; Adams, L.; Phan, C.; Erdag, G.; Totten, M.; Lee, R.; Lu, X.; Mehta, S.; Miller, L.S.; Zhang, S.X. Disseminated sporotrichosis following iatrogenic immunosuppression for suspected pyoderma gangrenosum. Lancet Infect. Dis. 2019, 19, e385–e391.
  28. Kaadan, M.I.; Dennis, M.; Desai, N.; Yadavalli, G.; Lederer, P. One health education for future physicians: A case report of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2020, 7, ofaa049.
  29. Parker, N.; Strong, N.; Pichetsurnthorn, P.; Lalich, D.; Moore, T. Disseminated sporotrichosis with brain abscesses in an HIV-Infected patient. Cureus 2020, 12, e8016.
  30. Shah, D.; Kim, A.E.; Elbadri, S.; Desai, B.; Ganti, L. An uncommon rash in the emergency department: Sporothrix Schenckii. Cureus 2021, 13, e16125.
  31. Wellington, T.; Hauschild, J.; Krauland, K.J.; Verwiebe, E.G.; Markelz, A.E. Sporotrichosis in a U.S. Army basic trainee. Mil. Med. 2021, usab463.
  32. Zambrano, A.I.; Church, E.C.; McKay, K.M.; Carnes, S.K.; Morse, R.J.; Leveque, T.K.; Roxby, A.C. A disfiguring rash. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 2021, 8, ofab332.
  33. Kenny, H.; Dougherty, M.; Churnin, I.; Early, S.; Gupta, A.; McGarey, P.O., Jr. Chronic laryngotracheal granulomatous disease secondary to Sporothrix schenckii in an immunocompromised patient. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 2022, 34894211073002.
  34. Gutierrez-Morales, J.L.; Domínguez Romero, R.; Morales Esponda, M.; Rossiere Echazaleta, N.L.; Reyes Bonifant, G.; Santos Ramírez, A. Esporotricosis micematoide con invasión a médula espinal. Rev. Mex. Neuroci. 2011, 12, 50–54.
  35. Romero-Cabello, R.; Bonifaz, A.; Romero-Feregrino, R.; Sánchez, C.J.; Linares, Y.; Zavala, J.T.; Romero, L.C.; Romero-Feregrino, R.; Vega, J.T. Disseminated sporotrichosis. BMJ Case Rep. 2011, 2011, bcr1020103404.
  36. Rojas-Padilla, R.; Pastrana, R.; Toledo, M.; Valencia, A.; Mena, C.; Bonifaz, A. Esporotricosis cutánea linfangítica por mordedura de araña. Dermatol. Rev. Mex. 2013, 57, 479–484.
  37. Espinoza-Hernández, C.J.; Jesús-Silva, A.; Toussaint-Caire, S.; Arenas, R. Disseminated sporotrichosis with cutaneous and testicular involvement. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2014, 105, 204–206.
  38. Chávez-López, G.; Estrada-Castañón, R.; Estrada-Chávez, G.; Vega-Memije, M.E.; Moreno-Coutiño, G. Esporotricosis cutánea diseminada: Un caso de la región de la montaña del estado de Guerrero, México. Dermatol. Rev. Mex. 2015, 59, 228–232.
  39. Cotino Sánchez, A.; Torres-Alvarez, B.; Gurrola Morales, T.; Méndez Martínez, S.; Saucedo Gárate, M.; Castanedo-Cazares, J.P. Mycosis fungoides-like lesions in a patient with diffuse cutaneous sporotrichosis. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 2015, 32, 200–203.
  40. Bonifaz, A.; Tirado-Sánchez, A.; Paredes-Solís, V.; Cepeda-Valdés, R.; González, G.M.; Treviño-Rangel, R.J.; Fierro-Arias, L. Cutaneous disseminated sporotrichosis: Clinical experience of 24 cases. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2018, 32, e77–e79.
  41. Bonifaz, A.; Toriello, C.; Araiza, J.; Ramírez-Soto, M.C.; Tirado-Sánchez, A. Sporotrichin skin test for the diagnosis of sporotrichosis. J. Fungi 2018, 4, 55.
  42. Estrada-Castañón, R.; Chávez-López, G.; Estrada-Chávez, G.; Bonifaz, A. Report of 73 cases of cutaneous sporotrichosis in Mexico. An. Bras. Dermatol. 2018, 93, 907–909.
  43. Ochoa-Reyes, J.; Ramos-Martínez, E.; Treviño-Rangel, R.; González, G.M.; Bonifaz, A. Auricular sporotrichosis. Atypical case report simulating bacterial cellulitis. Rev. Chil. Infectol. 2018, 35, 83–87.
  44. Puebla-Miranda, M.; Vásquez-Ramírez, M.; González-Ibarra, M.; Torres-López, I.H. Esporotricosis. Reporte de un caso ocupacional. Rev. Hosp. Jua. Mex. 2018, 85, 246–250.
  45. Rangel-Gamboa, L.; Martinez-Hernandez, F.; Maravilla, P.; Flisser, A. A population genetics analysis in clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii based on calmodulin and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase partial gene sequences. Mycoses 2018, 61, 383–392.
  46. Rojas, O.C.; Bonifaz, A.; Campos, C.; Treviño-Rangel, R.J.; González-Álvarez, R.; González, G.M. Molecular identification, antifungal susceptibility, and geographic origin of clinical Strains of Sporothrix schenckii complex in Mexico. J. Fungi 2018, 4, 86.
  47. Estrada-Castañón, R.; Estrada-Chávez, G.; Chávez-López, M.G. Diagnosis and management of fungal neglected tropical diseases in community settings-mycetoma and sporotrichosis. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2019, 4, 81.
  48. Mayorga-Rodríguez, J.; Mayorga-Garibaldi, J.L.; Muñoz-Estrada, V.F.; De León Ramírez, R.M. Esporotricosis: Serie de 1134 casos en una zona endémica de México. Med. Cut. Ibero Lat. Am. 2019, 47, 24–28.
  49. Alvarez-Rivero, V.; Hernandez-Castro, R.; Moreno-Coutiño, G.; Lozano-Platonoff, A. Disseminated sporotrichosis: An important differential diagnosis for venous ulcers. Adv. Skin. Wound Care 2020, 33, 1–3.
  50. Bonifaz, A.; Morales-Peña, N.; Tirado-Sánchez, A.; Jiménez-Mendoza, D.R.; Treviño-Rangel, R.J.; González, G.M. Atypical sporotrichosis related to Sporothrix mexicana. Mycopathologia 2020, 185, 733–735.
  51. Bonifaz, A.; Tirado-Sánchez, A.; Araiza, J.; Treviño-Rangel, R.; González, G.M. Deep mycoses and pseudomycoses of the foot: A single-center retrospective study of 160 cases, in a tertiary-care center in Mexico. Foot 2021, 46, 101770.
  52. Martínez-Herrera, E.; Arenas, R.; Hernández-Castro, R.; Frías-De-León, M.G.; Rodríguez-Cerdeira, C. Uncommon clinical presentations of sporotrichosis: A two-case report. Pathogens 2021, 10, 1249.
  53. Lozada-Alvarado, S.; Salas-Campos, I.; Uribe-Lorío, L.; Gross, N.T. Molecular and Biochemical Identification and In Vitro Susceptibility to Itraconazole of Costa Rican Clinical Isolates of the Sporothrix schenckii Complex. Acta Sci. Microbiol. 2020, 3, 116–123.
  54. Román-Carrillo, M.; Porres-Paredes, S.; Orozco, R.; Argueta, V. Cutaneous Sporotrichosis. Case report. Rev. Médica Gt Colmedegua 2018, 157, 90–92.
  55. Sánchez-Cárdenas, C.D.; Porras-López, C.; Morales-Ezquivel, O.; Frías-De-León, M.G.; Juárez-Durán, E.R.; Arenas, R.; Martínez-Herrera, E. Sporotrichosis: Epidemiological, clinical and mycological study of 53 cases in Guatemala. Life Sci. Press 2018, 2, 66–69.
  56. Flórez-Muñoz, S.V.; Alzate, J.F.; Mesa-Arango, A.C. Molecular Identification and Antifungal Susceptibility of Clinical Isolates of Sporothrix schenckii Complex in Medellin, Colombia. Mycopathologia 2019, 184, 53–63.
  57. Medina, R.; Flores, J.; Luque, M.T. Sporotrichosis in an Adolescent Patient. Honduras Pediátrica 2021, 34, 32–33.
  58. Rios, M.E.; Suarez, M.D.; Moreno, J.; Vallee, J.; Moreno, J.P. Zoonotic Sporotrichosis Related to Cat Contact: First Case Report from Panama in Central America. Cureus 2018, 10, e2906.
  59. Fernandez, M.C.; Reyes, N.; Gonzalez, J.C.; Montesino, M.; Apaulasa, K. Sporotrichosis. A propos of a case. Rev. Cubana Med. Trop. 2016, 68, 171–178.
  60. Pérez-Morales, L.; Iglesias-López, M.; Quiñones-Cherta, O.; Reyes-Rodríguez, I. Microbiological Isolation of Sporothrix Schenckii in an Immunocompromised Patient. A Case Report. Rev. Cienc. Médicas Cienfuegos 2014, 12, 662–669.
  61. Rojas, F.D.; Fernández, M.S.; Lucchelli, J.M.; Lombardi, D.; Malet, J.; Vetrisano, M.E.; Cattana, M.E.; de los Ángeles Sosa, M.; Giusiano, G. Cavitary Pulmonary Sporotrichosis: Case Report and Literature Review. Mycopathologia 2017, 182, 1119–1123.
  62. Etchecopaz, A.; Toscanini, M.A.; Gisbert, A.; Mas, J.; Scarpa, M.; Iovannitti, C.A.; Bendezú, K.; Nusblat, A.D.; Iachini, R.; Cuestas, M.L. Sporothrix brasiliensis: A review of an emerging south american fungal pathogen, its related disease, presentation and spread in Argentina. J. Fungi 2021, 7, 170.
  63. Córdoba, S.; Isla, G.; Szusz, W.; Vivot, W.; Hevia, A.; Davel, G.; Canteros, C.E. Molecular identification and susceptibility profile of Sporothrix schenckii sensu lato isolated in Argentina. Mycoses 2018, 61, 441–448.
  64. Picollo, M.; Epelbaum, C.; Bustos, A.C.; Carnovale, S.; Rosanova, M.T. Lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis in a pediatric patient, a case report. Rev. Chil. Infectol. 2021, 38, 811–815.
  65. Alzuguir, C.L.C.; Pereira, S.A.; Magalhães, M.A.F.M.; Almeida-Paes, R.; Freitas, D.F.S.; Oliveira, L.F.A.; Pimentel, M.I.F. Geo-epidemiology and socioeconomic aspects of human sporotrichosis in the municipality of Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between 2007 and 2016. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2020, 114, 99–106.
  66. Almeida-Paes, R.; de Oliveira, M.M.E.; Freitas, D.F.S.; do Valle, A.C.F.; Zancopé-Oliveira, R.M.; Gutierrez-Galhardo, M.C. Sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Sporothrix brasiliensis Is Associated with Atypical Clinical Presentations. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2014, 8, e309.
  67. Freitas, D.F.S.; do Valle, A.C.F.; da Silva, M.B.T.; Campos, D.P.; Lyra, M.R.; De Souza, R.V.; Veloso, V.G.; Zancopé-Oliveira, R.M.; Bastos, F.I.; Galhardo, M.C.G. Sporotrichosis: An Emerging Neglected Opportunistic Infection in HIV-Infected Patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2014, 8, e3110.
  68. Freitas, D.F.S.; de Siqueira Hoagland, B.; do Valle, A.C.F.; Fraga, B.B.; de Barros, M.B.; de Oliveira Schubach, A.; de Almeida-Paes, R.; Cuzzi, T.; Rosalino, C.M.V.; Zancopé-Oliveira, R.M.; et al. Sporotrichosis in HIV-infected patients: Report of 21 cases of endemic sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Med. Mycol. 2012, 50, 170–178.
  69. Arinelli, A.; Aleixo, A.L.Q.D.C.; Freitas, D.F.S.; Valle, A.C.F.D.; Almeida-Paes, R.; Gutierrez-Galhardo, M.C.; Curi, A.L.L. Ocular Sporotrichosis: 26 Cases with Bulbar Involvement in a Hyperendemic Area of Zoonotic Transmission. Ocul. Immunol. Inflamm. 2020, 28, 764–771.
  70. Pereira, M.A.; Freitas, R.J.; Nascimento, S.B.; Pantaleão, L.; Vilar, E.G. Sporotrichosis: A Clinicopathologic Study of 89 Consecutive Cases, Literature Review, and New Insights About Their Differential Diagnosis. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 2020, 42, 751–755.
  71. Rocha, I.D.C.B.; Della Terra, P.P.; de Oliveira, R.C.; Zanotti, R.L.; Falqueto, A.; de Camargo, Z.P.; Rodrigues, A.M.; Goncalves, S.S. Molecular-based assessment of diversity and population structure of Sporothrix spp. clinical isolates from Espírito Santo-Brazil. Mycoses 2021, 64, 420–427.
  72. Caus, A.L.O.; Zanotti, R.L.; Faccini-Martínez, Á.A.; Paterlini, G.V.; Falqueto, A. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of sporotrichosis in Espírito Santo State, southeast Brazil: A study of three decades (1982–2012). Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2019, 100, 706–713.
  73. Poester, V.R.; Mattei, A.S.; Madrid, I.M.; Pereira, J.T.B.; Klafke, G.B.; Sanchotene, K.O.; Brandolt, T.M.; Xavier, M.O. Sporotrichosis in Southern Brazil, towards an epidemic? Zoonoses Public Health 2018, 65, 815–821.
  74. Benvegnú, A.M.; Dallazzem, L.N.D.; Chemello, R.M.L.; Beber, A.A.C.; Chemello, D. Case series of sporotrichosis at a teaching hospital in Brazil. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2020, 53, e20190509.
  75. Grisolia, J.C.; Santos, L.A.; Coelho, L.M.L.; Silva, R.R.; de Camargo, Z.P.; Velloso, T.R.G.; Coelho, L.F.; Chavasco, J.K.; Malaquias, L.C.C. Seroepidemiological survey on sporotrichosis-infection in rural areas of the south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2021, 52, 41–47.
  76. Filho, J.E.; dos Santos, I.B.; Reis, C.M.S.; Patané, J.S.L.; Paredes, V.; Bernardes, J.P.R.A.; Poggiani, S.D.S.C.; Castro, T.D.C.B.; Gomez, O.M.; Pereira, S.A.; et al. A novel Sporothrix brasiliensis genomic variant in Midwestern Brazil: Evidence for an older and wider sporotrichosis epidemic. Emerg. Microbes Infect. 2020, 9, 2515–2525.
  77. Marques, G.F.; Martins, A.L.G.P.; Sousa, J.M.P.; Brandão, L.S.G.; Wachholz, P.A.; Masuda, P.Y. Characterization of sporotrichosis cases treated in a dermatologic teaching unit in the State of São Paulo-Brazil, 2003–2013. Bras. Dermatol. 2015, 90, 273–275.
  78. Veasey, J.; Neto, M.; Ruiz, L.; Zaitz, C. Clinical and laboratory profile of urban sporotrichosis in a tertiary hospital in the city of São Paulo. Bras. Dermatol. 2021, 96, 243–245.
  79. Ferreira, L.C.; Barroso, P.F.; Tonomura, E.; Akiti, T.; Rodrigues, K.M. Osteomyelitis caused by Sporothrix schenckii in an immunocompetent patient. Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop. 2016, 49, 527–529.
  80. Matos, A.M.F.; Moreira, L.M.; Barczewski, B.F.; De Matos, L.X.; De Oliveira, J.B.V.; Pimentel, M.I.F.; Almeida-Paes, R.; Oliveira, M.G.; Pinto, T.C.A.; Lima, N.; et al. Identification by MALDI-TOF MS of Sporothrix brasiliensis Isolated from a Subconjunctival Infiltrative Lesion in an Immunocompetent Patient. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 22.
  81. do Monte Alves, M.; Pipolo Milan, E.; da Silva-Rocha, W.P.; Soares de Sena da Costa, A.; Araújo Maciel, B.; Cavalcante Vale, P.H.; de Albuquerque, P.R.; Lopes Lima, S.; Salles de Azevedo Melo, A.; Messias Rodrigues, A.; et al. Fatal pulmonary sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in Northeast Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2020, 14, e0008141.
  82. Xavier, J.R.B.; Waller, S.B.; Osório, L.D.G.; Vives, P.S.; Albano, A.P.N.; de Aguiar, E.S.V.; Ferreira, M.R.A.; da Conceição, F.R.; de Faria, R.O.; Meireles, M.C.A.; et al. Human sporotrichosis outbreak caused by Sporothrix brasiliensis in a veterinary hospital in Southern Brazil. J. Mycol. Med. 2021, 31, 101163.
  83. de Sá Menezes Carvalho, G.; Verrinder Veasey, J. Immunoreactive cutaneous sporotrichosis. Bras. Dermatol. 2020, 95, 737–739.
  84. Lacerda Filho, A.M.; Cavalcante, C.M.; Da Silva, A.B.; Inácio, C.P.; de Lima-Neto, R.G.; De Andrade, M.C.L.; Magalhães, O.M.C.; Dos Santos, F.D.A.G.; Neves, R.P. High-Virulence Cat-Transmitted Ocular Sporotrichosis. Mycopathologia 2019, 184, 547–549.
  85. de Moura Barros, N.; de Souza Pessoa, A.; Martins Brotas, A. Systemic sporotrichosis in an alcoholic patient. Bras. Dermatol. 2020, 95, 376–378.
  86. Lemes, L.R.; Veasey, J.V.; Soutto-Mayor, S.; Contin-Proenca, C. Ocular involvement in sporotrichosis: Report of two cases in children. Bras. Derm. 2021, 96, 349–351.
  87. Henckens, N.F.T.; Rovers, J.F.J.; van Dommelen, L.; Bovenschen, H.J. Can cats cause colossal contagious cutaneous carbuncles? Derm. Online J. 2021, 27.
  88. Lora Barraza, L.; Bissoli Tolomelli, J.; Graça Cunha, C.; Bernardes Filho, F.; Towersey, L.; Hay, R.; Casz Schechtman, R.; da Costa Nery, J.A. Facial Cutaneous Sporotrichosis in a Boy. J. Emerg. Med. 2019, 56, 222–223.
  89. de Freitas Valente, M.; Bertazzoli Diogo, A.; Culau Merlo, V.F.; Pereira Pegas, J.R. Disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis: Unusual presentation in an alcoholic patient. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. São Paulo 2020, 62, e60.
  90. Crestani, L.; de Castro e Souza, B.; Kakizaki, P.; Sakai-Valente, N.Y. Therapeutic failure with itraconazole in sporotrichosis due to bariatric surgery. Bras. Derm. 2020, 95, 241–243.
  91. Arantes-Ferreira, G.S.; Watanabe, A.L.C.; Trevizoli, N.C.; Jorge, F.M.F.; Cajá, G.O.N.; Diaz, L.G.G.; Meireles, L.P.; Araújo, M.C.C.L. Disseminated Sporotrichosis in a Liver Transplant Patient: A Case Report. Transpl. Proc. 2019, 51, 1621–1624.
  92. Fichman, V.; Valle, A.C.F.D.; de Macedo, P.M.; Freitas, D.F.S.; Oliveira, M.M.E.; Almeida-Paes, R.; Gutierrez-Galhardo, M.C. Cryosurgery for the treatment of cutaneous sporotrichosis in four pregnant women. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 2018, 12, e0006434.
  93. Biancardi, A.L.; Freitas, D.F.; Vitor, R.D.; Andrade, H.B.; de Oliveira, M.M.; do Valle, A.C.; Zancope-Oliveira, R.M.; Galhardo, M.C.; Curi, A.L. Multifocal choroiditis in disseminated sporotrichosis in patients with HIV/AIDS. Retin. Cases Brief Rep. 2017, 11, 67–70.
  94. Fischman-Gompertz, O.; Rodrigues, A.M.; Fernandes, G.F.; Bentubo, H.D.L.; Pires de Camargo, Z.; Petri, V. Atypical Clinical Presentation of Sporotrichosis Caused by Sporothrix globosa Resistant to Itraconazole. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2016, 94, 1218–1222.
  95. Aparecida-Grazziotin, N.; Gonçalves, I.L.; Todeschini, D.; Grazziotin-Vedana, L.; Canello-Todeschini, C.M.; Grazziotin, C. Squamous cell carcinoma subsequent to scarring caused by sporotrichosis: A case report. Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 2019, 36, 83–85.
  96. Ribeiro, B.N.; Ribeiro, R.N.; Penna, C.R.; Frota, A.C. Bone involvement by Sporothrix schenckii in an immunocompetent child. Pediatr. Radiol. 2015, 45, 1427–3140.
  97. Freitas, D.F.; Santos, S.S.; Almeida-Paes, R.; de Oliveira, M.M.; do Valle, A.C.; Gutierrez-Galhardo, M.C.; Zancopé-Oliveira, R.M.; Nosanchuk, J.D. Increase in virulence of Sporothrix brasiliensis over five years in a patient with chronic disseminated sporotrichosis. Virulence 2015, 6, 112–120.
  98. Nassif, P.W.; Granado, I.R.; Ferraz, J.S.; Souza, R.; Nassif, A.E. Atypical presentation of cutaneous sporotrichosis in an alcoholic patient. Dermatol. Online J. 2012, 18, 12.
  99. Falqueto, A.; Bravim-Maifrede, S.; Araujo-Ribeiro, M. Unusual clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in three members of one family. Intern. J. Dermatol. 2012, 51, 434–438.
  100. Marques-de-Macedo, P.; Sztajnbok, D.C.N.; Camargo, Z.P.; Rodrigues, A.M.; Lopes-Bezerra, L.M.; Bernardes-Engemann, A.R.; Orofino-Costa, R. Dacryocystitis due to Sporothrix brasiliensis: A case report of a successful clinical and serological outcome with low-dose potassium iodide treatment and oculoplastic surgery. Br. J. Dermatol. 2015, 172, 1116–1119.
  101. Fichman, V.; Saraiva-Freitas, D.F.; Marques-de-Macedo, P.; Francesconi-do-Valle, A.C.; Almeida-Silva, F.; Zancopé-Oliveira, R.M.; Almeida-Paes, R.; Gutierrez-Galhardo, M.C. Sporotrichosis After Tattooing Caused by Sporothrix. Bras. Mycopathol. 2022, 187, 137–139.
  102. Nepomuceno Araújo, M.J.C.L.; Nihei, C.H.; Rodrigues, A.M.; Higashino, H.; Ponzio, V.; Campos Pignatari, A.C.; Barcellos, M.A.; Braga, O.; Duayer, I.F. Case Report: Invasive Sinusitis due to Sporothrix Brasiliensis in a Renal Transplant Recipient. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2021, 105, 1218–1221.
  103. Lima, M.A.; Vallier, R.; Silva, M.M. Sporothrix brasiliensis meningitis in an immunocompetent patient. Pract. Neurol. 2021, 21, 241–242.
  104. Veasey, J.V.; Carvalho, G.S.M.; Ruiz, L.R.B.; Neves-Neto, M.F.; Zaitz, C. Epidemiological and geographical distribution profile of urban sporotrichosis in the city of São Paulo. Bras. Derm. 2022, 97, 228–230.
  105. Antonio, L.D.F.; Pimentel, M.I.F.; Lyra, M.R.; Madeira, M.D.F.; Miranda, L.D.F.C.; Paes, R.A.; Brito-Santos, F.; Carvalho, M.H.G.F.; Schubach, A.D.O. Sporothrix schenckii Sensu Lato identification in fragments of skin lesion cultured in NNN medium for differential diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2017, 87, 118–120.
  106. Rodrigues, A.M.; de Hoog, S.; de Camargo, Z.P. Emergence of pathogenicity in the Sporothrix schenckii complex. Med Mycol. 2013, 51, 405–412.
  107. Alvarado, Z.; Pereira, C. Fungal diseases in children and adolescents in a referral centre in Bogota, Colombia. Mycoses 2018, 61, 543–548.
  108. Macías, P.; Ordóñez, J.; Arenas, C.M.; Rodríguez, G. An eighteen-year-old man with tropical verrucous syndrome: Leishmaniasis vs, sporotrichosis. Biomedica 2021, 41, 240–246.
  109. Arenas-Soto, C.M.; Téllez-Kling, A.M.; Alvarado-Álvarez, Z.L. A Lesion on the Ear Resulting From Infection Acquired in the Tropics. Actas Dermosifiliogr. 2016, 107, 599–600.
  110. Niklitschek, S.; Porras, N.; González, S.; Romero, W. Sporotrichosis. Med. Clin. 2015, 145, 418.
  111. Cruz, R.; Vieille, P.; Oschilewski, D. Sporothrix globosa isolation related to a case of lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis. Rev. Chil. Infectol. 2012, 4, 401–405.
  112. Cruz-Choappa, R.M.; Vieille-Oyarzo, P.I.; Carvajal-Silva, L.C. Aislamiento de Sporothrix pallida complex en muestras clínicas y ambientales de Chile. Rev. Argent Microbiol. 2014, 46, 311–314.
  113. García Duarte, J.M.; Wattiez Acosta, V.R.; Fornerón Viera, P.M.L.; Aldama Caballero, A.; Gorostiaga Matiauda1, G.A.; Rivelli de Oddone, V.B.; Pereira Brunelli, J.G. Sporotrichosis transmitted by domestic cat. A family case report. Rev. Del. Nacional. 2017, 9, 67–76.
  114. Aguilar Fernández, G.; Araújo López, V. Mycosis and nocardiosis implantation: Sporotrichosis, Chromoblastomycosis, Mycetomas and Nocardiosis. Casuistics in the Central Laboratory of Public Health, Paraguay, period 1997–2019. Rev. Nac. 2020, 12, 1–13.
  115. Ramirez-Soto, M.; Lizarraga-Trujillo, J. Granulomatous sporotrichosis: Report of two unusual cases. Rev. Chil. Infectol. 2013, 5, 548–553.
  116. Ramírez-Soto, M.C. Sporotrichosis in the Ocular Adnexa: 21 Cases in an Endemic Area in Peru and Review of the Literature. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2016, 162, 173–179.e3.
  117. Ramírez-Soto, M.C.; Malaga, G. Subcutaneous mycoses in Peru: A systematic review and meta-analysis for the burden of disease. Int. J. Dermatol. 2017, 56, 1037–1045.
  118. Ramírez-Soto, M.C.; Andagua-Castro, J.; Lizárraga-Trujillo, J. Palpebral sporotrichosis in a 6-year-old child. Int. J. Dermatol. 2016, 55, e625–e626.
  119. Wolff, D.; Feldt, T.; Reifenberger, J.; Sebald, H.; Bogdana, C. The brief case: Cutaneous sporotrichosis in an immunocompetent patient after travel to Peru. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2018, 56, e01958-17.
  120. Rueda, M.; Torres, N.; Bravo, F. Disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis: An unusual case. Derm. Online J. 2018, 24.
  121. Oyarce, J.A.; García, C.; Alave, J.; Bustamante, B. Epidemiological clinical and laboratory characterization of sporotrichosis in patients of a tertiary care hospital in Lima, Peru, from 1991 to 2014. Rev. Chil. Infectol. 2016, 3, 315–321.
  122. Schwalb, A.; Carcamo, P.M.; Seas, C. Lymphocutaneous Sporotrichosis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2022, 106, 758–759.
  123. Solorzano, S.; Ramirez, R.; Cabada, M.M.; Montoya, M.; Cazorla, E. Disseminated cutaneous sporotrichosis with joint involvement in a woman with type 2 diabetes. Rev. Peru Med. Exp. Salud Publica 2015, 32, 187–190.
  124. Cabeza, E.; Arrillaga, A.; Dalcín, L.; Carbia, M.; Arteta, Z.; Perera, P. Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Sporotrichosis in Reference Center of Uruguay. J. Fungi 2022, 8, 322.
  125. Barreto, L.; Velásquez, G.; Mendoza, M.; Camacho, E.; Goncalves, E.; Rodríguez, S.; Niño-Vega, G.A. Geographical distribution and ecological niche modeling of the etiological agents of human sporotrichosis in Venezuela. Braz. J. Microbiol. 2021, 52, 63–71.
  126. Mata-Essayag, S.; Delgado, A.; Colella, M.T.; Landaeta-Nezer, M.E.; Rosello, A.; de Salazar, C.P.; Olaizola, C.; Hartung, C.; Magaldi, S.; Velasquez, E. Epidemiology of sporotrichosis in Venezuela. Int. J. Dermatol. 2013, 52, 974–980.
  127. Martínez-Méndez, D.; Hernández-Valles, R.; Alvarado, P.; Mendoza, M. Mycoses In Venezuela: Working Groups in Mycology Reported Cases (1984–2010). Rev. Iberoam. Micol. 2013, 30, 39–46.
  128. Camacho, E.; León-Navarro, I.; Rodríguez-Brito, S.; Mendoza, M.; Niño-Vega, G.A. Molecular epidemiology of human sporotrichosis in Venezuela reveals high frequency of Sporothrix globose. BMC Infect Dis. 2015, 15, 94.
  129. Orofino-Costa, R.; Marques-de-Macedo, P.; Messias-Rodrigues, A.; Bernardes-Engemann, A.R. Sporotrichosis: An update on epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, laboratory and clinical therapeutics. Bras. Dermatol. 2017, 92, 606–620.
  130. Rimma, Z.; Hernández Hernández, F. Sporotrichosis: The most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Mexico. Rev. Fac. Med. 2019, 62, 48–55.
  131. Chakrabarti, A.; Bonifaz, A.; Gutierrez-Galhardo, M.C.; Mochizuki, T.; Li, S. Global epidemiology of sporotrichosis. Med. Mycol. 2015, 53, 3–14.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Infectious Diseases
Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Carlos Sánchez
,
Erick Martínez Herrera
,
Roberto Arenas
,
Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán
,
,
Karla Yaeko Sierra-Maeda
,
Esther Conde-Cuevas
,
Juan Xicohtencatl-Cortes
,
Jimmy Velásquez Bámaca
,
Rigoberto Hernandez-Castro
,
Carmen Cerdeira
View Times: 455
Entry Collection: Environmental Sciences
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 17 Jun 2022
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    ScholarVision Creations
    Feedback