Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by thermo-dimorphic fungi species of the Sporothrix genus. Previously, the classification of the species of sporotrichosis was conducted through the classification of the Sporothrix schenckii complex, which included Sporothrix schenckii sensu stricto, Sporothrix brasiliensis (S. brasiliensis), Sporothrix globosa (S. globosa), Sporothrix luriei (S. lurieri), Sporothrix pallida (S. pallida), Sporothrix mexicana (S. mexicana), and Sporothrix chilensis (S. chilensis) ^[1][2][1,2]. However, since 2016, the taxonomical classification of Sporothrix has been changed into a clinical clade that includes Sporothrix schenckii, S. globosa, S. brasiliensis, and S. luriei. On some occasions, the species of the environmental clade, such as S. pallida, S. mexicana, and S. chilensis may cause infection upon contact with an individual ^[1][2][3][4][1,2,3,4]. The infections occur mainly cutaneously or subcutaneously with lymphatic involvement ^[1][2][3][4][1,2,3,4]. This infection has been considered the most frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Latin America [2]. Such infections can be difficult to diagnose with the naked eye since they can be similar to infiltrative or ulcerative lesions from vascular and inflammatory disorders ^[1][3][1,3].

For this subcutaneous infection to develop, a direct trauma must occur first. For example, inoculation occurs when the skin is punctured by plants with thorns, gardeners are a classic case of this. Also, inoculation can occur through fomites that contact contaminated soil. For instance, people who wear sandals can suffer trauma from stones, firewood, or thorns with fungal spores on their surface ^[2][3][2,3]. With all the above, it can be inferred that this type of fungal infection is associated with regions where the main livelihood is agriculture, that is, in environments where the climate is tropical and subtropical. Another form of transmission, which has been increasing in recent times in some regions of the continent such as Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Panama, has been reported to result from scratches, bites, pecks, and stings from different animals ^[1][2][3][4][1,2,3,4].

There are several techniques for detecting sporotrichosis, including Sabouraud dextrose agar cultures, lactophenol blue or erythromycin staining, histopathological studies, and PCR sequencing, among others ^[5][6][7][5,6,7] (Figure 1).

As for the clinical forms of sporotrichosis, various types have been described, such as the lymphocutaneous, fixed cutaneous, and, as mentioned earlier, the disseminated or hematogenous forms where both organs and tissues can be affected ^{[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]}[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28]. The latter is the rarest because the recommended antifungal regimens are usually effective; however, in patients with alterations in cellular immunity, these infections can spread ^[2][3][4][2,3,4].

A total of 48 publications related to sporotrichosis were found in North America ^{[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]}[5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]. There were 1460 patients in total associated with infection caused by species of the genus Sporothrix. According to the previous classification, it was found that in Canada, only two case reports were found, one from Ontario and the other from Toronto ^[5][6][5,6]. In the US, 27 reports containing 1 clinical case were found (81.5% S. schenckii, 18.5% Sporothrix spp., S. schenckii complex, and S. schenckii sensu lato) ^{[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]}[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. Of these, seven cases came from California, three from Oklahoma, two cases from Kansas, Texas, Arizona, Minnesota, and Florida, one case from Michigan, Nebraska, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and finally, one case without a specific city or region. In Mexico, there were 19 reports registered with 1431 reported cases (84.7% Sporothrix spp., 14.47% S. schenckii, 0.55% S. globosa, 0.21% S. schenckii sensu stricto, 0.07% S. mexicana) ^{[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]}[34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]. Jalisco reported 1060 cases, Guerrero 150, Nayarit 23, Zacatecas 21, Michoacan 20, Guanajuato 14, Oaxaca 9, Puebla, and San Luis Potosí 8 each, Mexico City 6, Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Querétaro, and Veracruz 2 each, Baja California, Durango, State of Mexico, and Morelos 1 each, and 99 cases were reported with an unspecified city (Table 1). When classifying according to the current taxonomy ^[1][2][3][4][1,2,3,4], reswearchers can mention that in Canada, 50% of the sporotrichosis was due to S. schenckii and 50% to Sporothrix spp. ^[5][6][5,6]. In the US, it was reported that Sporothrix spp. (85.19%) and S. schenckii (14.81%) were responsible for this pathology ^{[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]}[7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33]. Finally, in Mexico, 85.05% were due to Sporothrix spp., 14.33% S. schenckii, 0.55% S. globosa, and 0.07% S. mexicana ^{[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]}[34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]. Only 8 publications with 126 cases of sporotrichosis were found in Central America and the Caribbean ^{[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]}[53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60]. In the only article found from Costa Rica during the search period, 57 isolates were analyzed in San José, finding the presence of 2 species: S. schenckii sensu stricto (93%), S. brasiliensis (3.5%), and Sporothix spp. (3.5%) [53]. On the other hand, there were 3 reports in Guatemala with 65 cases (98.5% Sporothrix spp. and 1.5% S. schenckii sensu stricto), with all cases being from Guatemala City ^[54][55][56][54,55,56]. Finally, reports of a single case were found in Honduras (Tegucigalpa); the agent responsible for the infection was S. schenckii, and in Panama (Correa District), the agent was not determined ^[57][58][57,58]. In the Caribbean, only two reports of S. schenckii sensu lato from Cuba were found ^[59][60][59,60]. Regarding the new taxonomic classification, it was determined that in Costa Rica, 93% of the cases were caused by S. schenckii, 3.5% by S. brasiliensis, and 3.5% by Sporothix spp. [53]. Meanwhile, in Guatemala, the main pathogenic agent was Sporothrix spp. with 98.5% and S. schenckii with 1.5% ^[54][55][56][54,55,56]. In Honduras and Panama, it was observed that the agent Sporothrix spp. was responsible for sporotrichosis, with one case per country (100%) ^[57][58][57,58]. In Cuba, there were two reports of a case due to Sporothrix spp., which represents 100% ^[59][60][59,60]. The most frequently reported form was lymphocutaneous with 39 cases (30.95%), followed by fixed cutaneous with 26 (20.63%), the disseminated form with 2 (1.59%), 1 case of chancre (0.79%), and 58 ND cases (46.03%) ^{[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]}[53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60]. The most common etiological agents noted were Sporothrix spp. with 55.56% (70/126), S. schenckii with 42.85% (54/126), and S. brasiliensis with 1.59% (2/126) ^{[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]}[53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60]. Regarding diagnosis, fungal culture was used as a diagnostic method in all articles (8/8), followed by histopathological examination (5/8). In this case, also, the histopathological examination was always accompanied by fungal cultures. PCR sequencing (2/8) employing the calmodulin gene in one article and the ITS1-2 region in the other was also used as a diagnostic tool. Lastly, diagnosis with microscopy using lactophenol blue was mentioned in two reports (Table 2) ^{[53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60]}[53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60].