Summary

Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of neuron structure or function, which may eventually lead to cell death. Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and prion disease, are the results of neurodegenerative processes. Neurodegeneration can be found in many different levels of neuronal circuits in the brain, from molecules to systems. Since there is no known method to reverse the progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered incurable. Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assembly (such as protein diseases) and induction of cell death. These similarities indicate that progress in the treatment of one neurodegenerative disease may also improve other diseases. This collection of entries aims to collect various medical research results related to neurodegeneration. We invite researchers to share their new results and ideas related to neurodegeneration.

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Entries
Topic Review
Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease
Non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) include ocular, visuoperceptive, and visuospatial impairments, which can occur as a result of the underlying neurodegenerative process. Ocular impairments can affect various aspects of vision and eye movement. Thus, patients can show dry eyes, blepharospasm, reduced blink rate, saccadic eye movement abnormalities, smooth pursuit deficits, and impaired voluntary and reflexive eye movements. Furthermore, visuoperceptive impairments affect the ability to perceive and recognize visual stimuli accurately, including impaired contrast sensitivity and reduced visual acuity, color discrimination, and object recognition. Visuospatial impairments are also remarkable, including difficulties perceiving and interpreting spatial relationships between objects and difficulties judging distances or navigating through the environment. Moreover, PD patients can present visuospatial attention problems, with difficulties attending to visual stimuli in a spatially organized manner. Moreover, PD patients also show perceptual disturbances affecting their ability to interpret and determine meaning from visual stimuli. And, for instance, visual hallucinations are common in PD patients.
  • 579
  • 15 Aug 2023
Biography
Vasyl Mosiichuk
Professor Vasyl Mosiichuk, a distinguished figure in the field of psychology, embodies the integration of deep scholarly insight with practical application in the realms of neuropsychology and clinical psychology. Born and educated in Ukraine, his academic and professional journey has not only advanced the understanding of human psychology but also paved the way for innovative therapies in medic
  • 261
  • 22 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Detecting Dementia from Face-Related Features
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a type of dementia that is more likely to occur as people age. It currently has no known cure. As the world’s population is aging quickly, early screening for AD has become increasingly important. Traditional screening methods such as brain scans or psychiatric tests are stressful and costly. The patients are likely to feel reluctant to such screenings and fail to receive timely intervention. While researchers have been exploring the use of language in dementia detection, less attention has been given to face-related features.
  • 444
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Peripheral Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive disease, where dementia symptoms gradually worsen. The causes of AD are complex and are characterized by changes in the brain that lead to the accumulation of two proteins, amyloid beta and tau, forming structures called plaques and tangles, respectively. It is challenging to identify the mechanisms for the initiation and progression of AD. Oxidative stress and inflammation derived from peripheral mitochondrial dysfunction have also been suggested as alternative contributors of AD pathogenesis.
  • 463
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Honey and Its Ingredients in Post-Ischemic Neurodegeneration Treatment
Neurodegeneration of the brain after ischemia is a major cause of severe, long-term disability, dementia, and mortality, which is a global problem. These phenomena are attributed to excitotoxicity, changes in the blood–brain barrier, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, vasoconstriction, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and ultimately neuronal death. In addition, genetic factors such as post-ischemic changes in genetic programming in the expression of amyloid protein precursor, β-secretase, presenilin-1 and -2, and tau protein play an important role in the irreversible progression of post-ischemic neurodegeneration. Numerous studies have shown that the high contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids in honey have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-amyloid, anti-tau protein, anticholinesterase, serotonergic, and AMPAK activities, influencing signal transmission and neuroprotective effects.
  • 431
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metals in Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases
Metal ions are fundamental to guarantee the regular physiological activity of the human organism. They are involved in several biological processes such as electron transfer, oxygen transport, the maintenance of osmotic pressure, and the regulation of DNA transcription. Metals such as iron, cobalt, selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese are essential for human life and are usually required in trace amounts. On the other hand, aluminum, mercury, arsenic, and others are considered non-essential metals since they possess no biological function. The importance of metals in the human organism is so fundamental that several pathologies, among which are neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), are related to a common phenomenon known as metal dyshomeostasis.
  • 479
  • 28 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease
Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles (BEVs) possess the capability of intracellular interactions with other cells, and, hence, can be utilized as an efficient cargo for worldwide delivery of therapeutic substances such as monoclonal antibodies, proteins, plasmids, siRNA, and small molecules for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). BEVs additionally possess a remarkable capacity for delivering these therapeutics across the blood–brain barrier to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
  • 383
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a disease that affects 2% of men and 4% of women of middle age. It is a major health public problem because untreated OSAS could lead to cardiovascular, metabolic, and cerebrovascular complications.
  • 402
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Photobiostimulation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Photobiomodulation (PBM), also known as Low-level Laser Therapy (LLLT), involves the use of light from a laser or light-emitting diode (LED) in the treatment of various disorders and it has recently gained increasing interest. Progressive neuronal loss with attendant consequences such as cognitive and/or motor decline characterize neurodegenerative diseases. The available therapeutic drugs have only been able to provide symptomatic relief and may also present with some side effects, thus precluding their use in treatment. There has been an exponential increase in interest and attention in the use of PBM as a therapy in various neurodegenerative diseases in animal studies. Because of the financial and social burden of neurodegenerative diseases on the sufferers and the need for the discovery of potential therapeutic inventions in their management, it is pertinent to examine the beneficial effects of PBM and the various cellular mechanisms by which it modulates neural activity.
  • 558
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
NOD2 in Alzheimer’s Diseases
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function, including memory loss, language difficulties, and changes in behavior. Researchers have demonstrated the potential of Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) receptor agonists in AD treatment. These agonists facilitate the conversation of pro-inflammatory monocytes into patrolling monocytes, leading to the efficient clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the AD-affected cerebrovascular system. This approach surpasses the efficacy of targeting Aβ formation, marking a significant shift in therapeutic strategies. 
  • 266
  • 07 Jul 2023
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