Summary

Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of neuron structure or function, which may eventually lead to cell death. Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and prion disease, are the results of neurodegenerative processes. Neurodegeneration can be found in many different levels of neuronal circuits in the brain, from molecules to systems. Since there is no known method to reverse the progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered incurable. Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assembly (such as protein diseases) and induction of cell death. These similarities indicate that progress in the treatment of one neurodegenerative disease may also improve other diseases. This collection of entries aims to collect various medical research results related to neurodegeneration. We invite researchers to share their new results and ideas related to neurodegeneration.

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Entries
Topic Review
Neuroinflammatory Implications of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease
The bidirectional communication between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in human health. Increasing numbers of studies suggest that the gut microbiota can influence the brain and behavior of patients. Various metabolites secreted by the gut microbiota can affect the cognitive ability of patients diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a progressive loss of memory, language, and cognitive ability.
  • 191
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Neuroprotective Effects of Polyphenols in Neurodegenerative Diseases
It has been shown that polyphenols in various natural sources can provide curative effects against various brain diseases and disorders through neuroprotective effects. These neuroprotective effects are mainly attributed to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, remove reactive oxygen species, and cause chelation of metal ions. Polyphenols increase the concentration of neurotrophic factors and bind directly to the membrane receptors of these neurotrophic factors to modulate and activate the signaling cascades that allow the plasticity, survival, proliferation, and growth of neuronal cells, allowing better learning, memory, and cognition. Furthermore, polyphenols do not have serious adverse side effects from their consumption.
  • 303
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Autophagy in Postischemic Brain Neurodegeneration
After cerebral ischemia, autophagy was found to be activated in neuronal, glial and vascular cells. Some studies have shown the protective properties of autophagy in postischemic brain, while other studies have shown completely opposite properties. Thus, autophagy is now presented as a double-edged sword with possible therapeutic potential in brain ischemia. 
  • 167
  • 12 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Dystrophinopathy Diagnosis and Therapy
Dystrophinopathies are x-linked muscular disorders that emerge from mutations in the Dystrophin gene, including Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy. However, Duchenne muscular dystrophy interconnects with bone loss and osteoporosis, which are exacerbated by glucocorticoid therapy. Appropriate choice of steroids and regimen is crucial. Creatine kinase (CK) has a 71% potential of detecting female carriers that are increased by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) or dystrophin study in biopsy. Clinical neurologists need to relate to patients and families of patients with neurocognitive problems since mental retardation might be part of Duchenne's picture.
  • 286
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Decoding Neurodegeneration
Neurodegenerative disorders often acquire due to genetic predispositions and genomic alterations after exposure to multiple risk factors. The most commonly found pathologies are variations of dementia, such as frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body dementia, as well as rare subtypes of cerebral and cerebellar atrophy-based syndromes. In an emerging era of biomedical advances, molecular–cellular studies offer an essential avenue for a thorough recognition of the underlying mechanisms and their possible implications in the patient’s symptomatology. 
  • 262
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic Acid in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents a significant public health concern in modern society. Metabolic syndrome (MetS), which includes diabetes mellitus (DM) and obesity, represents a modifiable risk factor for AD. MetS and AD are interconnected through various mechanisms, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, insulin resistance (IR), vascular impairment, inflammation, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Therefore, it is necessary to seek a multi-targeted and safer approach to intervention. Thus, 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), a unique hydroxy fatty acid in royal jelly, has shown promising anti-neuroinflammatory, blood–brain barrier (BBB)-preserving, and neurogenesis-promoting properties.
  • 413
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Role of microRNAs in Neurological Pathologies
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that are 18–25 nucleotides long (22 nucleotides on average) and involved in the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression by RNA interference, which is of great interest to molecular biologists, geneticists, and biochemists. These molecules are mainly present intracellularly, but there is also an extracellular (circulating) microRNA fraction. The existence and functions of more than 2500 human miRNAs are known. 
  • 398
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common multidimensional neurological disorder characterized by motor and non-motor features and is more prevalent in the elderly. Sleep disorders and cognitive disturbances are also significant characteristics of PD. Sleep is an important physiological process for normal human cognition and physical functioning. Sleep deprivation negatively impacts human physical, mental, and behavioral functions. Sleep disturbances include problems falling asleep, disturbances occurring during sleep, abnormal movements during sleep, insufficient sleep, and excessive sleep. The most recognizable and known sleep disorders, such as rapid-eye-movement behavior disorder (RBD), insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), restless legs syndrome (RLS), sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs), and circadian-rhythm-related sleep–wake disorders (CRSWDs), have been associated with PD. 
  • 486
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Roles of Non-Coding RNA in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathophysiology
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is accompanied by deficits in memory and cognitive functions. The disease is pathologically characterised by the accumulation and aggregation of an extracellular peptide referred to as amyloid-β (Aβ) in the form of amyloid plaques and the intracellular aggregation of a hyperphosphorelated protein tau in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) that cause neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and oxidative stress. The search for pathomechanisms leading to disease onset and progression has identified many key players that include genetic, epigenetic, behavioural, and environmental factors, which lend support to the fact that this is a multi-faceted disease where failure in various systems contributes to disease onset and progression. Although the vast majority of individuals present with the sporadic (non-genetic) form of the disease, dysfunctions in numerous protein-coding and non-coding genes have been implicated in mechanisms contributing to the disease.
  • 268
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lactobacillaceae-Originated Probiotics in Preventive Measures of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an ascending, neurodegenerative disorder that attacks the brain’s nerve cells, i.e., neurons, resulting in loss of memory, language skills, and thinking and behavioural changes. It is one of the most common causes of dementia, a group of disorders that is marked by the decline of cognitive functioning. Probiotics are living microorganisms that are beneficial for human well-being.
  • 385
  • 24 Aug 2023
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