Summary

Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of neuron structure or function, which may eventually lead to cell death. Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and prion disease, are the results of neurodegenerative processes. Neurodegeneration can be found in many different levels of neuronal circuits in the brain, from molecules to systems. Since there is no known method to reverse the progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered incurable. Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assembly (such as protein diseases) and induction of cell death. These similarities indicate that progress in the treatment of one neurodegenerative disease may also improve other diseases. This collection of entries aims to collect various medical research results related to neurodegeneration. We invite researchers to share their new results and ideas related to neurodegeneration.

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Entries
Topic Review
Bladder Management for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury Patients
Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction, common in patients with chronic spinal cord injury, inevitably results in urological complications. To address neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction after spinal cord injury, proper and adequate bladder management is important in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, with the goal and priorities of the protection of upper urinary tract function, maintaining continence, preserving lower urinary tract function, improvement of spinal cord injury (SCI)  patients’ quality of life, achieving compatibility with patients’ lifestyles, and decreasing urological complications. 
  • 405
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Coating Polymers for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Many types of nanocarriers have been developed for treating brain disorders. Polymer-based therapeutic agents have been explored for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases due to various fascinating advantages of polymers such as great biocompatibility, nontoxicity, controllable degradation rate, tunable architectures, the possibility of multiple interactions between amyloidogenic protein/peptide and polymer, and excellent in vivo stability. Some of the most commonly used coating polymers for neurodegenerative disorders are discussed.
  • 396
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Extrapyramidal and Non-Motor Features of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease (MND) and has emerged, among the disorders, with the largest increase in incidence in Western countries. ALS can no longer be considered a disease limited to the motor system but rather a multisystem neurodegenerative disorder that involves other motor and non-motor domains
  • 467
  • 19 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Mechanisms Underlying Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
Severe gut motility disorders are characterized by an ineffective propulsion of intestinal contents. As a result, patients develop extremely bothering symptoms, such as nausea and vomiting along with altered bowel habit up to radiologically demonstrable intestinal sub-obstructive episodes. Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) is a typical clinical phenotype of severe gut dysmotility due to changes altering the morpho-functional integrity of the intrinsic (enteric) innervation and extrinsic nerve supply (hence neuropathy), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) (mesenchymopathy) and smooth muscle cells (myopathy). In the last years, several genes have been identified in different subsets of CIPO patients. The focus is to cover the most recent update on enteric dysmotility related to CIPO, highlighting: (a) forms with a predominant underlying neuropathy; (b) forms with a predominant myopathy; and (c) mitochondrial disorders with a clear gut dysfunction as part of the clinical phenotype. Researchers will provide a thorough description of the genes that recent evidence showed to cause neuromyopathy thereby leading to the underlying abnormal motor patterns detectable in different types of CIPO.
  • 395
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Posthemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation
Volpe IV is defined as intraventricular hemorrhage combined with venous infarction) and probably lead to posthemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD). Severe IVH and subsequent PHVD have become the leading causes of brain injury and neurodevelopmental dysplasia in preterm infants. Researchers reviewed the literature on the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for PHVD and provide some recommendations for management to improve the neurological outcomes.
  • 426
  • 03 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Neurocircuitry of the PTSD-AUD Comorbidity
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) are prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders and frequently co-occur concomitantly. Individuals suffering from this dual diagnosis often exhibit increased symptom severity and poorer treatment outcomes than those with only one of these diseases. The ventral tegmental area (VTA), hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex (PFC), paraventricular nuclei (PVN), and locus coeruleus (LC), are well-associated with processing fear, anxiety, stress, and rewards.
  • 507
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Zinc in Neurological Diseases
Zinc is a trace element essential for human survival, and its deficiency has been linked to various adverse effects, such as growth retardation, impaired functioning of the immune system, and cognitive dysfunction.
  • 813
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Hsrω lncRNAs
The lncRNAs produced by the hsrω gene are known to modulate neurotoxicity in polyQ and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis disease models of Drosophila. Elevated expression of hsrω lncRNAs exaggerates, while their genetic depletion through hsrω-RNAi or in an hsrω-null mutant background suppresses, the disease pathogenicity.
  • 405
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Astrocyte Mitochondrial Melatonergic Pathway in Depression Pathophysiology
Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been conceptualized in a wide array of diverse frames of reference over the millennia, including cognitive, psychoanalytic and biological, with a wide array of treatments thereby derived, usually with little more efficacy than placebo. The clinical relevance of this is highlighted by the data showing the high lifetime prevalence of MDD (15–40%), especially as fewer than 50% of MDD patients show full remission from management with current antidepressants. This is further confounded by the data indicating that over 30% of MDD patients show no treatment response, often classed as suffering from treatment-resistant depression. This can have dire consequences given the percentages of people with severe MDD across all age groups that attempt or commit suicide. Here, wide bodies of previously disparate data on MDD pathophysiology are integrated, indicating a significant role for systemic processes, including the gut microbiome/permeability, immunity and platelets, in driving alterations in astrocyte mitochondrial function, leading to changes in neuronal activity, transmitter release and inter-area neuronal communication. Alterations in the interactions of the gut microbiome and amygdala in driving changes in affective regulation of patterned neuronal activity are an important aspect of MDD pathophysiology, with many of these changes arising from alterations in astrocyte mitochondrial function, including from intercellular and systemic processes driving changes in the astrocyte mitochondrial melatonergic pathway. This has significant future research and treatment implications for this common, but still poorly conceptualized condition, with pathophysiological implications as to how MDD interacts with a host of other medical conditions.  
  • 408
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Pathophysiology
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a traumatic condition, whereby motor neurons are lost eventually leading to death within a couple of years. There is no effective treatment, due primarily to a lack of understanding as to the relevant pathophysiological changes occurring. The biological underpinnings of ALS is described, highlighting the role of the gut microbiome, glia, muscles and the changes at the neuromuscular junction. It is proposed that alterations in the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway are a crucial aspect of ALS pathophysiology that underpins the changes in intercellular interactions that drive ALS. Many of these initial changes  seem to arise in the gut, indicating that this may be an important site for evaluation and treatment in the prevention of ALS. It is also proposed that glyphosate-based herbicides (weedkillers) exposure may be a relevant aspect of ALS susceptibility and progression. 
  • 560
  • 09 Jan 2023
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