Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
Double J Stents and Reno–Ureteral Lithiasis during COVID-19
Urolithiasis, or kidney stone disease, is a common urological condition that often necessitates emergency medical attention. During the COVID-19 epidemic, significant shifts occurred in the available options for treating urinary stones. Obstructed reno–ureteral stones or infected ones should be treated as an emergency by decompression. Ureteral stents were a safe, efficient, and cost-effective procedure for urolithiasis during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, they reduce the risk of infection and hospital visits. Therefore, it was a valuable option in urolithiasis treatment during the pandemic.
  • 232
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors in COVID-19 Detection Technology
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the infectious agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Graphene field-effect transistor (GFET) biosensors have become the most promising diagnostic technology for detecting SARS-CoV-2 due to their advantages of high sensitivity, fast-detection speed, label-free operation, and low detection limit.
  • 310
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Variant-Specific Gastrointestinal Symptoms of COVID-19
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract may be a significant entrance or interaction site for SARS-CoV-2; therefore, the gut mucosal immune system participates in virus interaction as a first-line physical and immunological defense, leading to GI involvement and symptoms. The pattern of symptoms changed during the virus evolution, since the data provided a current and thorough picture of the symptoms experienced by SARS-CoV-2 infected people, and variations in symptom patterns occurred as the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron variants have spread. Since the beginning of the pandemic, GI symptoms have been linked to SARS-CoV-2 infections, even though most infected people do not report them. 
  • 281
  • 06 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Thrombotic Disorders and COVID-19 Vaccines
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected hundreds of millions worldwide, leading to nearly 7 million deaths globally, although now declared not a worldwide concern anymore. Strenuous research and analysis of various vaccine advances led to the development of multiple COVID-19 vaccines in less than a year from the pandemic’s beginning. Different types of vaccines, such as mRNA vaccines, DNA vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and inactivated virus vaccines have been approved and have shown a high degree of efficacy with variable protective levels of up to 95% (70–95% range) in vaccinated individuals against COVID-19.
  • 364
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Drug Remedies and Host Cell Responses for COVID-19
In light of the COVID-19 global pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, ongoing research has centered on minimizing viral spread either by stopping viral entry or inhibiting viral replication. Repurposing antiviral drugs, typically nucleoside analogs, has proven successful at inhibiting virus replication. 
  • 339
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Accessible Higher-Education: A Framework for Continuous Improvement
The SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) forced educational institutions to move their programs to the virtual world, revealing needs such as the lack of accessibility of online resources and content. In this context, the Erasmus+ project "Technological Assistance to Accessibility in Virtual Higher Education (EduTech)”, proposed tools and knowledge focused on improving accessibility in Higher Education Institutions (HEIs). In this article, a framework that integrates all the findings of the EduTech project is presented. The proposed framework is aimed at facilitating the adoption of good practices related to technological accessibility in HEI. The framework considers the limitations and needs of the institutions in terms of governance and resources for improving accessibility. The framework was adopted by four Latin American HEIs to establish a continuous improvement strategy according to their needs and current level of accessibility focus. This research also shows the results and suggests that the proposal is adaptable to the needs of HEIs, allowing its implementation regardless of their organizational structure and their current level of attention to accessibility.
  • 511
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy and Venous Thromboembolism in COVID-19
SARS-CoV-2 infection, discovered and isolated in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China, causes acute atypical respiratory symptoms and has led to profound changes in  lives. COVID-19 is characterized by a wide range of complications, which include pulmonary embolism, thromboembolism and arterial clot formation, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy, multiorgan failure, and more. The disease has caused a worldwide pandemic, and despite various measures such as social distancing, various preventive strategies, and therapeutic approaches, and the creation of vaccines, the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) still hides many mysteries for the scientific community.
  • 392
  • 11 Oct 2023
Biography
Wenliang Li
Wenliang Li, Manchu ethnic Chinese, was an ophthalmologist in Wuhan Central University. He reported the notice on the SARS-structured virus found in patients in the hospital and his advice for caution was soon spread on Chinese social media [1]. Although a member of the Communist Party of China, Wenliang Li was soon called on by the local police for admonition for "spreading rumors harmful to t
  • 472
  • 15 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Pandemic-Resilient Energy-Hub-Based Smart Cities
Although the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic has appears to have subsided in most parts of the world, nevertheless, in addition to six million deaths, it has yielded unprecedented challenges in the economy, energy, education, urban services, and healthcare sectors. Meanwhile, according to reports, smart solutions and technologies have manifested considerable success in achieving pandemic-resilient cities. 
  • 363
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
IoMT Based Big Data Framework for COVID-19
The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) is transforming modern healthcare systems by merging technological, economical, and social opportunities and has recently gained traction in the healthcare domain. The severely contagious respiratory syndrome coronavirus called COVID-19 has emerged as a severe threat to public health. COVID-19 is a highly infectious virus that is spread by person-to-person contact.
  • 237
  • 22 Sep 2023
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