Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
Urban Community Resilience Amidst the Spreading of COVID-19
Based on 90% of all reported COVID-19 in the world, urban areas become the pandemic’s epicenter due to population size and high-level global connectivity, rather than rural areas. Urban research related to pandemics focuses on marginal groups who have difficulty accessing health facilities, particularly in informal settlements. Amid a pandemic, insufficient isolation for COVID-19 patients may be related to the rapid increase of COVID-19 cases. Lockdown has worsened economic conditions for informal workers in urban areas, the lack of labor market opportunities, livelihood advancement, and occupational mobility for informal workers make it difficult to survive in the city. Loss of income due to the lockdown has made marginal communities in urban areas more vulnerable because they have to bear the changing needs of life during the pandemic.
  • 984
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Gestational Diabetes
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance first identified during pregnancy and usually resolving after birth. Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a growing interest in the association between GDM and COVID-19.
  • 1.0K
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccination Policy Resistance
The pandemic of the infectious disease COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus drastically changed the world and led to the so-called “new normality”. It was reflected in reduced social and physical contacts, considerable changes in business operations, loss of employment, mental health impairment, endangerment of material existence, etc. While the situation seemed hopeless at the outset of the pandemic, generating great fear and anxiety, people became mentally accustomed to the new situation over time. The situation was significantly improved upon with the discovery of vaccines, but the emergence of vaccines was accompanied by new dilemmas, social divisions and conflicts. The point of contention between experts and citizens was the vaccine’s safety. Contradictory information started spreading through social networks, creating huge animosity among citizens.
  • 997
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Visceral Leishmaniasis in COVID-19
Leishmaniasis is a zoonosis that may present general symptoms, including fever, malaise, and arthralgia, rendering it indistinguishable from COVID-19.
  • 968
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
CRISPR-Based Assays for Effective Detection of SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has been an outbreak since late 2019 up to now. This pandemic causes rapid development in molecular detection technologies to diagnose viral infection for epidemic prevention. In addition to antigen test kit (ATK) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CRISPR-based assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 have gained attention because it has a simple setup but still maintain high specificity and sensitivity.
  • 775
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) on COVID-19 Physiopathology
DPP4/CD26 is a single-pass transmembrane protein with multiple functions on glycemic control, cell migration and proliferation, and the immune system, among others. It has acquired an especial relevance due to the possibility to act as a receptor or co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2, as it has been already demonstrated for other coronaviruses. The broad spectrum of functions regulated by DPP4 is performed both as a protease enzyme, as well as an interacting partner of other molecules on the cell surface. 
  • 987
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Obesity, Body Composition, and Nutrition in COVID-19 Pandemia
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread worldwide, infecting nearly 500 million people, with more than 6 million deaths recorded globally. Obesity leads people to be more vulnerable, developing worse outcomes that can require hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU). Most studies showed that not only body fat quantity but also its distribution seems to play a crucial role in COVID-19 severity. Compared to the body mass index (BMI), visceral adipose tissue and intrathoracic fat are better predictors of COVID-19 severity and indicate the need for hospitalization in ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation. High volumes of epicardial adipose tissue and its thickness can cause an infection located in the myocardial tissue, thereby enhancing severe COVID-related myocardial damage with impairments in coronary flow reserve and thromboembolism. 
  • 819
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Severe TBI: Second and Third Tier Therapies
Intracranial hypertension is a common finding in severe traumatic brain injury, and requires treatment in the intensive care unit with intracranial pressure monitoring and, when possible, the application of multimodal neuromonitoring. A three-tier approach is suggested in current rec-ommendations, with higher tier therapies having more significant side effects. Researchers explain the rationale for this approach, they analyze the benefits and risks of each therapeutic mo-dality, and they discuss how to adapt the therapy to the resources available, based on the most recent recommendations.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Structural/Phylogenetic Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Variants
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, reported for the first time at the end of 2019 in the city of Wuhan (China), has spread worldwide in three years; it lead to the infection of more than 500 million people and about six million dead. SARS-CoV-2 has proved to be very dangerous for human health. Therefore, several efforts have been made in studying this virus. In a short time, about one year, the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and duplication and its physiological effect on human have been pointed out. Moreover, different vaccines against it have been developed and commercialized. Since the beginning of the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved; it has done so by accumulating mutations in the genome, generating new virus versions showing different characteristics, and which have replaced the pre-existing variants. In general, it has been observed that the new variants show an increased infectivity and cause milder symptoms. The latest isolated Omicron variants contain more than 50 mutations in the whole genome and show an infectivity 10-folds higher compared to the wild-type strain. 
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiological and Clinical Factors Modulating COVID-19
Addressing factors modulating COVID-19 is crucial since abundant clinical evidence shows that outcomes are markedly heterogeneous between patients. This requires identifying the factors and understanding how they mechanistically influence COVID-19. While there is a multitude of factors modulating COVID-19. These modulating factors (MFs) were selected based on epidemiological and/or clinical studies to be representative of different categories: intrinsic (age, sex and genetic factors), co-morbidities (history of dyslipidemia, obesity, pre-existing heart failure and gut dysbiosis), lifestyle-related (vitamin D deficiency and diet) and environmental (air pollution and exposure to chemicals). 
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Sep 2022
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