Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
COVID-19 Detection Based on ECG Processing
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been on alert since early 2020 regarding the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). With well over 6 million deaths worldwide, the scientific community is developing new ways to detect the disease. As one of the most used clinical examination methods, it is of great importance to study the changes in the electrocardiographic (ECG) activity, as well as to understand the ECG features related to COVID-19.
  • 834
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cerebrovascular Diseases and COVID-19
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the human body’s neurological system. Atrophy is defined by the disintegration of the connections between cells that enable them to communicate. Peripheral neuropathy and demyelinating disorders, as well as cerebrovascular illnesses and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases, have all been linked to brain damage, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). It turns out that these diseases have a direct impact on brain atrophy. However, it may take some time after the onset of one of these diseases for this atrophy to be clearly diagnosed. With the emergence of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there were several clinical observations of COVID-19 patients.
  • 529
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Human Herpesviruses Reactivations
There are several human herpesviruses. A common characteristic of infection by these viruses is latency, by which the virus assumes a non-replicative state, subverting the attentions of the host’s immune response. In immunocompetent hosts, herpesviruses are immunologically controlled. In situations where immunological control is lost, herpesviruses can reactivate and produce clinically apparent disease. It is becoming apparent that COVID-19 or exposure to COVID-19 vaccines can exert several effects on the immune system. The pandemic of COVID-19 shows no sign of abating, with new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continuing to evolve.
  • 623
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Psychobiological Biomarkers of the COVID-19 Pandemic
The rapid spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), which led to a pandemic over the last two years, has also led to an increased focus on mental health disorders. This is because measures applied to mitigate the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (such as quarantine and social isolation) may have contributed to the onset of long-term psychological distress, including high levels of depression, stress, and anxiety.
  • 495
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Vaccination and Alcohol Consumption: Justification of Risks
Since the beginning of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, pharmaceutical companies and research institutions have been actively working to develop vaccines, and the mass roll-out of vaccinations against COVID-19 began in January 2021. At the same time, during lockdowns, the consumption of alcoholic beverages increased. During the peak of vaccination, consumption remained at high levels around the world, despite the gradual relaxation of quarantine restrictions. Two of the popular queries on search engines were whether it is safe to drink alcohol after vaccination and whether this will affect the effectiveness of vaccines. Many studies have been published suggesting that excessive drinking not only worsens the course of an acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus but can also exacerbate post-COVID-19 syndrome. Despite all sorts of online speculation, there is no specific scientific data on alcohol-induced complications after vaccination in the literature. Most of the published vaccine clinical trials do not include groups of patients with a history of alcohol-use disorders.
  • 486
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Newborn Infection
It is already known how SARS-CoV-2 passed from human-to-human with the  exeption of mother-to fetous transmission of infection.  The foetus, theoretically may become infected from the mother by a blood-borne route through the placenta, during birth, through contact with maternal secretions and after birth during close contact with the mother or others. Mother-to-fetus transmission of the virus is unlikely and its mechanism is poorly understood. In a number of published studies, researchers have not based the diagnosis of COVID-19 in the newborn on developed diagnostic criteria, which makes it even more difficult to determine the frequency and pathomechanism of congenital infection. Still not much is known about complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy for the fetus and neonate, there are many questions that we still cannot answer. despite this, it has been possible to determine how to limit airborne transmission of the virus. By analysing the mode of delivery it is known that SARS-CoV-2 infection is not an indication for caesarean section. There are no data that provide a basis for restricting breastfeeding. It has been established that breastfeeding should be done with hand disinfection and wearing a mask.
  • 671
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Oral microbiome, COVID-19 Infection, and Oral hygiene
The oral microbiome plays an important role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis, whereas its association with SARS-CoV-2 infection remains under investigation. Since the oral path is one of the transmission routes for COVID-19, researchers attempt to show the relationship between the oral microbiome, COVID-19 infection, and oral hygiene. 
  • 489
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Interplay of Lung Cancer, COVID-19, and Vaccines
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has negatively affected the treatment of malignant diseases and the development of new prodrugs worldwide. Patients with cancer are more susceptible to a higher risk of coronavirus infection and its severe complications than the general population. The lungs are the most strongly affected organs in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, within the lungs, as in other human organ tissues, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was proven to be the main host cell receptor for the binding of SARS-CoV-2. ACE2 expression is also elevated in tumor and tumor-adjacent normal tissues in patients with lung cancer, which might partially explain why patients with lung cancer are potentially at a higher risk of severe COVID-19. 
  • 542
  • 30 Jan 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein-Induced Dysfunction of the NRP-1/VEGF-A Complex
Long coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is a newly discovered syndrome characterized by multiple organ manifestations that persist for weeks to months, following the recovery from acute disease. Occasionally, neurological and cardiovascular side effects mimicking long COVID-19 have been reported in recipients of COVID-19 vaccines. Hypothetically, the clinical similarity could be due to a shared pathogenic role of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein produced by the virus or used for immunization. The S protein can bind to neuropilin (NRP)-1, which normally functions as a coreceptor for the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. By antagonizing the docking of VEGF-A to NRP-1, the S protein could disrupt physiological pathways involved in angiogenesis and nociception. One consequence could be the increase in unbound forms of VEGF-A that could bind to other receptors. SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals may exhibit increased plasma levels of VEGF-A during both acute illness and convalescence, which could be responsible for diffuse microvascular and neurological damage.
  • 594
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Impact on Cancer-Related Care in America
COVID-19 impacted several health services, including cancer-related care. Its implications were significant due to the lapse in hospital resources, compounded by the delays stemming from the economic effects on patients’ jobs and medical coverage. Furthermore, reports suggesting an increased risk for morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 in patients with cancer and those on active cancer treatment caused additional fear and potential delays in seeking medical services.
  • 779
  • 19 Jan 2023
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