Summary

On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic, and the disease now affects nearly every country and region. Caused by SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 continues nearly 18 months later to present significant challenges to health systems and public health in both hemispheres, as well as the economies of every country. The morbidity and mortality of the infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been significant, and various waves of disease outbreaks initially overwhelmed many hospitals and clinics and continue to do so in many countries. This influences everyone, and public health countermeasures have been dramatic in terms of their impact on employment, social systems, and mental health. This entry collection aims to gather diverse fields about COVID-19, including in epidemiology, public health, medicine, genetics, systems biology, informatics, data science, engineering, sociology, anthropology, nursing, environmental studies, statistics, and psychology.

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Entries
Topic Review
T Cells and Adaptive Immune System in SARS-CoV-2
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Prior COVID-19 research on immunogens understandably focused on nAb responses, with less interest in overall cellular immunity. Interestingly, there is data accumulating which suggests that T cell responses are an important player in both natural and adaptive immunity as well as vaccine protection against chronic COVID-19 disease.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Simulations of RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are powerful theoretical methods that can reveal biomolecular properties, such as structure, fluctuations, and ligand binding, at the atomic level. All-atom MD simulations elucidated a difference in the dynamic properties of RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRps) in severe acute respiratory syndrom coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and SARS-CoV, which may cause activity differences of these RdRps. RdRp is also a drug target for Coronavirus disease 2019. Nucleotide analogs, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, are considered to be taken up by RdRp and inhibit RNA replication. The recognition mechanism of RdRp for these drug molecules and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was revealed by MD simulations at the atomic detail. In addition, various simulation studies on the complexes of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp with several nucleotide analogs are also presented.
  • 732
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between Gut Microbiota and SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Gut microbiota is increasingly recognized to play a pivotal role in various human physiological functions and diseases. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, research has suggested that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is also involved in the development and severity of COVID-19 symptoms by regulating SARS-CoV-2 entry and modulating inflammation.
  • 443
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Impedimetric Sensing
The COVID-19 pandemic revealed a pressing need for the development of sensitive and low-cost point-of-care sensors for disease diagnosis. The standard of care for COVID-19 is quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). This method is sensitive, but takes time, effort, and requires specialized equipment and reagents to be performed correctly. This make it unsuitable for widespread, rapid testing and causes poor individual and policy decision-making. Rapid antigen tests (RATs) are a widely used alternative that provide results quickly but have low sensitivity and are prone to false negatives, particularly in cases with lower viral burden. Electrochemical sensors have shown much promise in filling this technology gap, and impedance spectroscopy specifically has exciting potential in rapid screening of COVID-19. Due to the data-rich nature of impedance measurements performed at different frequencies, this method lends itself to machine-leaning (ML) algorithms for further data processing.
  • 479
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
New Discovered Molecules of COVID-19
New molecules/drugs are discovered by humans for the therapeutic management of new diseases or to address existing health challenges. New molecules/drugs require extensive clinical investigations, followed by approval from drug regulatory agencies for marketing.
  • 800
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment Approaches
COVID-19 is an infectious disease declared as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO). As the pandemic evolved, so did the search for potential prophylactic and therapeutic agents. Several therapies have been developed, including vaccines, antivirals, monoclonal antibodies, and others. 
  • 486
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 Detection Based on ECG Processing
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been on alert since early 2020 regarding the Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). With well over 6 million deaths worldwide, the scientific community is developing new ways to detect the disease. As one of the most used clinical examination methods, it is of great importance to study the changes in the electrocardiographic (ECG) activity, as well as to understand the ECG features related to COVID-19.
  • 597
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Cerebrovascular Diseases and COVID-19
Neurons are the basic building blocks of the human body’s neurological system. Atrophy is defined by the disintegration of the connections between cells that enable them to communicate. Peripheral neuropathy and demyelinating disorders, as well as cerebrovascular illnesses and central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases, have all been linked to brain damage, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). It turns out that these diseases have a direct impact on brain atrophy. However, it may take some time after the onset of one of these diseases for this atrophy to be clearly diagnosed. With the emergence of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there were several clinical observations of COVID-19 patients.
  • 360
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 and Human Herpesviruses Reactivations
There are several human herpesviruses. A common characteristic of infection by these viruses is latency, by which the virus assumes a non-replicative state, subverting the attentions of the host’s immune response. In immunocompetent hosts, herpesviruses are immunologically controlled. In situations where immunological control is lost, herpesviruses can reactivate and produce clinically apparent disease. It is becoming apparent that COVID-19 or exposure to COVID-19 vaccines can exert several effects on the immune system. The pandemic of COVID-19 shows no sign of abating, with new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continuing to evolve.
  • 477
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Psychobiological Biomarkers of the COVID-19 Pandemic
The rapid spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), which led to a pandemic over the last two years, has also led to an increased focus on mental health disorders. This is because measures applied to mitigate the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (such as quarantine and social isolation) may have contributed to the onset of long-term psychological distress, including high levels of depression, stress, and anxiety.
  • 348
  • 02 Feb 2023
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