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Topic Review
TYLCV Infection of Tomatoes
Tomato cultivation is threatened by environmental stresses (e.g., heat, drought) and by viral infection (mainly viruses belonging to the tomato yellow leaf curl virus family—TYLCVs). Unlike many RNA viruses, TYLCV infection does not induce a hypersensitive response and cell death in tomato plants. One of the major effects caused by TYLCV infection of tomato is a decrease in the activation of stress response proteins and metabolites to avoid an acute deleterious plant response, which may impair virus replication. Instead of severe, sometimes lethal response for most plant cells, TYLCV promotes the development of a protective homeostasis response in plants exposed to prolonged environmental stresses, favoring the survival of the plant. The down-regulation of stress proteins and metabolites coincides with the stabilization of their patterns, particularly in tomatoes resistant to TYLCV. These stable patterns are maintained not only in shoot, but also in roots of virus-infected tomatoes. Whether fruit production of pre-inoculation of R-TYLCV tomato seedlings in field and greenhouses located in hot and dry countries provides a solution, even partial, to global warming, remains to be analyzed on a large scale. This routine, adapted to tomato genotype, soil and climate, may help reduce drastically the amount of water used for irrigation by artificially alternating long periods of drought with short periods of irrigation.
  • 654
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tyk2 Targeting in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases
Genetic linkage has related dysfunction of Tyrosine kinase 2 (Tyk2)—the first member of the Jak family that was described—to protection from psoriasis. Furthermore, Tyk2 dysfunction has been related to IMID prevention, without increasing the risk of serious infections; thus, Tyk2 inhibition has been established as a promising therapeutic target, with multiple Tyk2 inhibitors under development.
  • 886
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
TYK2 in Cancer Metastases
Genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic assays have led to identification of tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) mutations, fusion proteins and expression changes in a variety of hematological cancers, carcinomas and soft-tissue sarcomas. TYK2 is an approximately 134 kDa protein identified in 1990 as the first member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family, which includes non-receptor tyrosine kinases that mediate cytokine signaling. In humans, the TYK2 gene is found on chromosome 19, and is ubiquitously expressed at varying levels throughout the body.
  • 497
  • 30 Aug 2021
Topic Review
TXNIP
Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) is a metabolism- oxidative- and inflammation-related marker induced in cardiovascular diseases and is believed to represent a possible link between metabolism and cellular redox status. TXNIP is a potential biomarker in cardiovascular and ischemic diseases but also a novel identified target for preventive and curative medicine. 
  • 527
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
TXA2 Signaling in Cancer
Several processes involved in cancer development, such as cell growth, migration, and angiogenesis, are regulated by the arachidonic acid derivative thromboxane A2 (TXA2). Higher levels of circulating TXA2 are observed in patients with multiple cancers, and this is accompanied by overexpression of TXA2 synthase (TBXAS1, TXA2S) and/or TXA2 receptors (TBXA2R, TP). Overexpression of TXA2S or TP in tumor cells is generally associated with poor prognosis, reduced survival, and metastatic disease. However, the role of TXA2 signaling in the stroma during oncogenesis has been underappreciated. TXA2 signaling regulates the tumor microenvironment by modulating angiogenic potential, tumor ECM stiffness, and host immune response. 
  • 658
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Two-Wire Resistance Temperature Detectors
In the remote measurement system, the lead wire resistance of the resistance sensor will produce a large measurement error. In order to ensure the accuracy of remote measurement, a novel lead-wire-resistance compensation technique is proposed, which is suitable for two-wire resistance temperature detector. By connecting a zener diode in parallel with the RTD and an interface circuit specially designed for it, the lead-wire-resistance value can be accurately measured by virtue of the constant voltage characteristic of the zener diode when reverse breakdown, compensation can thereby be made when calculating the resistance of RTD. Through simulation verification and practical circuit test, when the sensor resistance is in 848 - 2120 Ω scope and the lead wire resistance is less than 50 Ω, the proposed technology can ensure the measuring error of the sensor resistance within ± 1 Ω and the temperature measurement error within ± 0.3 ℃ for RTDs performing 1000 Ω at 0 ℃. Therefore, this method is able to accurately compensate the resistance of two-wire RTD lead and is suitable for most applications.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Two-Step Floating Catchment Area Method
With the continuous aging of society, the demand among elderly citizens for care facilities is increasing. The accessibility of elderly care facilities is a significant indicator for evaluating whether the layout of urban elderly care facilities is reasonable, and research on the spatial accessibility of related facilities has become an important academic issue.
  • 651
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Two-Stage Sustainable Supply Chain Networks
Supply chain networks have emerged as the backbone of economic activities in the modern world. Most of the literature on the optimization problem of transportation in supply chain networks (SCNs) considers fixed costs (FCs).
  • 268
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Two-Stage Fuzzy Traffic Congestion Detector
This research presents a two-stage fuzzy-logic application based on the Mamdani inference method to classify the observed road traffic conditions. It was tested using real data extracted from the Padua–Venice motorway in Italy, which contains a dense monitoring network that provides continuous measurements of flow, occupancy, and speed. The data collected indicate that the traffic flow characteristics of the road network are highly perturbed in oversaturated conditions, suggesting that a fuzzy approach might be more convenient than a deterministic one.
  • 400
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Two-Sided Matching in Coal Mining and Power Generation
Under the current marketized coal and planned electricity price systems, barriers to price shifting between coal and electricity are created and conflicts between the two sectors are aggravated. The stable trading matching between coal mining and power generation companies is not only an effective means to resolve the conflict in the coal trading market, but also a ballast stone for price stabilization and supply guarantees in coal trading.
  • 366
  • 28 Apr 2022
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