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Topic Review
Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have taken a giant leap in scale, expanding their applicability to a large variety of technological domains and applications, ranging from the Internet of things (IoT) for smart cities and smart homes to wearable technology healthcare applications, underwater, agricultural and environmental monitoring and many more. This expansion is rapidly growing every passing day in terms of the variety, heterogeneity and the number of devices which such applications support. Data collection is commonly the core application in WSN and IoT networks, which are typically composed of a large variety of devices, some constrained by their resources (e.g., processing, storage, energy) and some by highly diverse demands. Many challenges span all the conceptual communication layers, from the Physical to the Applicational. In addition, the integrated unit architecture and the platform design can be subject to various stringent constraints. For example, size requirements can impose a strict constraint on the device design; low power consumption, low production cost, and self-operation can represent additional constraints.  Accordingly, the device architecture is fundamental and affects many other factors in the system. For example, power supply affects the life span; it also affects transmission range, memory, and processing unit, which in turn can affect the algorithms that can be executed on the device, etc.
  • 2.5K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Colorectal Cancer Development
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disorder that occurs exclusively in the colon or rectum and is caused by the colon’s aberrant proliferation of glandular epithelial cells.
  • 2.5K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
β-Glucan
β-glucans are complex polysaccharides that are found in several plants and foods, including mushrooms. β-glucans display an array of potentially therapeutic properties. 
  • 2.5K
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Chitin
       Chitin, being the second most abundant biopolymer after next to cellulose, has been gaining popularity since its initial first discovery by Braconot in 1811. However, fundamental knowledge and literature on about chitin and its derivatives from insects are difficult to obtain. The most common and sought-after sources of chitin are shellfishes (especially crustaceans) and other aquatic invertebrates. The amount of shellfishes available is obviously restricted by the amount of food waste that is allowed; hence, it is a limited resource. Therefore,Hence, insects are the best choices since, out of 1.3 million species in the world, 900,000 are insects, making them the most abundant species in the world. In this review, a total of 82 samples from shellfishes—crustaceans and mollusks (n = 46), insects (n = 23), and others (n = 13)—have been collected and studied for their chemical extraction of chitin and its derivatives. The aim of this paper is to review the extraction method of chitin and chitosan for a comparison of the optimal demineralization and deproteinization processes with, so as to consideration of insects as alternative sources of chitin. The methods employed in this review are based on comprehensive bibliographic research. Based on previous data, chitin and chitosan yield contents of insects in their study favorably compares and competes with those of commercial chitin and chitosan—for example, 45% in Bombyx eri, 36.6% in Periostracum cicadae (cicada sloughs), and 26.2% in Chyrysomya megacephala. Therefore, according to the data reported by previous researchers, with comparable yield values to those of against crustacean chitin and the great interests of in insects as alternative sources, efforts towards comprehensive knowledge in this field are relevant.
  • 2.5K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo
The BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo (also referred to as "5 Series GT") models are the 5-door fastback versions of the F10 5 Series model range and use the model code F07. The F07 uses the F10 platform and shares many components with the other 5 Series models. It was released in 2009. Engine choices were turbocharged straight-6 petrol, straight-6 diesel and V8 petrol. At launch, all models were rear-wheel drive ("sDrive"), with all-wheel drive ("xDrive") models being added in 2010. For the following G30 generation, the Gran Turismo models were moved to the 6 Series model range and renamed the G32 6 Series Gran Turismo.
  • 2.5K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Education of Midwives in Portugal and Spain
In Europe, midwives education, in accordance with the principles of the Bologna Declaration, are based on the pillars defined by Directive 2005/36/CE and by the Munich Declaration. In Portugal, the candidate applies on their own initiative to one of the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) that provide such training. At the end of the education, students will achieve the master title. In Spain, the candidate sits for a state exam, which is announced annually by each autonomous community, for admission to the specialization.
  • 2.5K
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Intracardiac Nervous System
The intracardiac nervous system (IcNS), sometimes referred to as the “little brain” of the heart, is involved in modulating aspects of cardiac physiology. The IcNS is composed of neuronal and non-neuronal compartments intrinsic to the heart and includes afferent, efferent, and intra- neurons, using sympathetic, parasympathetic, and non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic neural transmitters, and forming feedback loops with the central (brain and spine) and peripheral (paravertebral ganglia) nervous systems.
  • 2.5K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Immunopeptidome
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) plays a crucial role in the development of adaptive immune response in vertebrates. MHC molecules are cell surface protein complexes loaded with short peptides and recognized by the T-cell receptors (TCR). Peptides associated with MHC are named immunopeptidome. The MHC I immunopeptidome is produced by the proteasome degradation of intracellular proteins. The knowledge of the immunopeptidome repertoire facilitates the creation of personalized antitumor or antiviral vaccines. A huge number of publications on the immunopeptidome diversity of different human and mouse biological samples - plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and solid tissues, including tumors - appeared in the scientific journals in the last decade. Significant immunopeptidome identification efficiency was achieved by advances in technology: the immunoprecipitation of MHC and mass spectrometry-based approaches.
  • 2.5K
  • 30 Nov 2020
Topic Review
YOLOv5-AC
Attention Mechanism-Based Lightweight YOLOv5 for Track Pedestrian Detection. In response to the dangerous behavior of pedestrians roaming freely on unsupervised train tracks, the real-time detection of pedestrians is urgently required to ensure the safety of trains and people. Aiming to improve the low accuracy of railway pedestrian detection, the high missed-detection rate of target pedestrians, and the poor retention of non-redundant boxes, YOLOv5 is adopted as the baseline to improve the effectiveness of pedestrian detection by model pruning, improving attention mechanism, etc.
  • 2.5K
  • 15 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are the additional opportunistic pathogenic mycobacterial complex groups that consists of M. avium, M. marinum, M. hemophilum, M. kansasii, M. scrofulaceum, M. gordonae, M. abscessus, M. fortuitum and M. chelonae. They do not cause TB; however, they can produce pulmonary infections, lymphadenitis, skin disease, endometritis and disseminated disease. Thus, NTM are denoted by other names such as environmental mycobacteria or mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT) and atypical mycobacteria (ATM) [1–4].
  • 2.5K
  • 06 Nov 2020
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