Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Splinternet
The splinternet (also referred to as cyber-balkanization or internet balkanization) is a characterization of the Internet as splintering and dividing due to various factors, such as technology, commerce, politics, nationalism, religion, and divergent national interests. "Powerful forces are threatening to balkanise it", writes the Economist weekly, and it may soon splinter along geographic and commercial boundaries. The Chinese government erected the "Great Firewall" for political reasons, and Russia has enacted the Sovereign Internet Law that allows it to partition itself from the rest of the Internet, while other nations, such as the US and Australia, discuss plans to create a similar firewall to block child pornography or weapon-making instructions. Clyde Wayne Crews, a researcher at the Cato Institute, first used the term in 2001 to describe his concept of "parallel Internets that would be run as distinct, private, and autonomous universes." Crews used the term in a positive sense, but more recent writers, like Scott Malcomson, a fellow in New America's International Security program, use the term pejoratively to describe a growing threat to the internet's status as a globe-spanning network of networks.
  • 528
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Spiking Neural Networks and Neuromorphic Modeling
Use of Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) that can capture a model of organisms’ nervous systems, may be simply justified by their unparalleled energy/computational efficiency.
  • 179
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Spiking Neural Networks
Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are artificial neural network models that more closely mimic natural neural networks. In addition to neuronal and synaptic state, SNNs also incorporate the concept of time into their operating model. The idea is that neurons in the SNN do not fire at each propagation cycle (as it happens with typical multi-layer perceptron networks), but rather fire only when a membrane potential – an intrinsic quality of the neuron related to its membrane electrical charge – reaches a specific value. When a neuron fires, it generates a signal which travels to other neurons which, in turn, increase or decrease their potentials in accordance with this signal (ref).
  • 3.6K
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
SpiderMonkey (JavaScript Engine)
SpiderMonkey is the first JavaScript engine, written by Brendan Eich at Netscape Communications, later released as open source and currently maintained by the Mozilla Foundation. It is still used in the Firefox web browser.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Speech Emotion Recognition
Speech is the most natural way of human communication. Affective computing systems based on speech play an important role in promoting human–computer interaction, and emotion recognition is the first step. Due to the lack of a precise definition of emotion and the inclusive and complex influence of emotion generation and expression, accurately recognizing speech emotions is still difficult. Speech emotion recognition (SER) is an important problem that is receiving increasing interest from researchers due to its numerous applications, such as e-learning, clinical trials, audio monitoring/surveillance, lie detection, entertainment, video games, and call centers.
  • 134
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Spectral Reconstruction Methods for Remote Sensing Images
Spectral reconstruction of remote sensing images mainly focused on RGB or multispectral to hyperspectral. Spectral reconstruction methods can be divided into two branches: prior-driven and data-driven methods. Earlier researchers adopted the sparse dictionary method. With the development of deep learning, owing to its excellent feature extraction and reconstruction capabilities, more and more researchers are adopting deep learning methods to gradually replace the traditional sparse dictionary approach.
  • 608
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Spectral Estimation of Multidimensional Signals
Power spectral estimation forms the basis for distinguishing and tracking signals in the presence of noise and extracting information from available data. One dimensional signals are expressed in terms of a single domain while multidimensional signals are represented in wave vector and frequency spectrum. Therefore, spectral estimation in the case of multidimensional signals gets a bit tricky.
  • 471
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Specifications of 5G Cell Search
5G Cell Search (CS) is the first step for user equipment (UE) to initiate communication with the 5G node B (gNB) every time it is powered ON. In cellular networks, CS is accomplished via synchronization signals (SS) broadcasted by gNB. 5G 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) specifications offer a detailed discussion on the SS generation at gNB, but a limited understanding of their blind search and detection is available. 
  • 434
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Speakwrite
Newspeak is the language of Oceania, a fictional totalitarian state and the setting of the dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), by George Orwell. To meet the ideological requirements of English Socialism (Ingsoc) in Oceania, the ruling Party created Newspeak, a controlled language of restricted grammar and limited vocabulary, meant to limit the freedom of thought—personal identity, self-expression, free will—that threatens the ideology of the régime of Big Brother and the Party, who have criminalized such concepts into thoughtcrime, as contradictions of Ingsoc orthodoxy. In "The Principles of Newspeak", the appendix to the novel, George Orwell explains that Newspeak usage follows most of the English grammar, yet is a language characterised by a continually diminishing vocabulary; complete thoughts reduced to simple terms of simplistic meaning. Linguistically, the contractions of Newspeak—Ingsoc (English Socialism), Minitrue (Ministry of Truth), etc.—derive from the syllabic abbreviations of Russian, which identify the government and social institutions of the Soviet Union, such as politburo (Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), Comintern (Communist International), kolkhoz (collective farm), and Komsomol (Young Communists' League). The long-term political purpose of the new language is for every member of the Party and society, except the Proles—the working-class of Oceania—to exclusively communicate in Newspeak, by A.D. 2050; during that 66-year transition, the usage of Oldspeak (Standard English) shall remain interspersed among Newspeak conversations. Newspeak is also a constructed language, of planned phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, like Basic English, which Orwell promoted (1942–44) during the Second World War (1939–45), and later rejected in the essay "Politics and the English Language" (1946), wherein he criticizes the bad usage of English in his day: dying metaphors, pretentious diction, and high-flown rhetoric, which produce the meaningless words of doublespeak, the product of unclear reasoning. Orwell's conclusion thematically reiterates linguistic decline: "I said earlier that the decadence of our language is probably curable. Those who deny this may argue that language merely reflects existing social conditions, and that we cannot influence its development, by any direct tinkering with words or constructions."
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Speaker Recognition Systems
Along with the prevalence and increasing influence of the speaker recognition technology, its security has drawn broad attention. Though speaker recognition systems (SRSs) have reached a high recognition accuracy, their security remains a big concern since a minor perturbation on the audio input may result in reduced recognition accuracy.
  • 664
  • 28 Jul 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 371
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Video Production Service
Feedback