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Topic Review
Finite Promise Games and Greedy Clique Sequences
The finite promise games are a collection of mathematical games developed by American mathematician Harvey Friedman in 2009 which are used to develop a family of fast-growing functions [math]\displaystyle{ FPLCI(k) }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ FPCI(k) }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ FLCI(k) }[/math]. The greedy clique sequence is a graph theory concept, also developed by Friedman in 2010, which are used to develop fast-growing functions [math]\displaystyle{ USGCS(k) }[/math], [math]\displaystyle{ USGDCS(k) }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ USGDCS_2(k) }[/math]. [math]\displaystyle{ \mathsf{SMAH} }[/math] represents the theory of ZFC plus, for each [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math], "there is a strongly [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]-Mahlo cardinal", and [math]\displaystyle{ \mathsf{SMAH^+} }[/math] represents the theory of ZFC plus "for each [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math], there is a strongly [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]-Mahlo cardinal". [math]\displaystyle{ \mathsf{SRP} }[/math] represents the theory of ZFC plus, for each [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math], "there is a [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]-stationary Ramsey cardinal", and [math]\displaystyle{ \mathsf{SRP^+} }[/math] represents the theory of ZFC plus "for each [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math], there is a strongly [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]-stationary Ramsey cardinal". [math]\displaystyle{ \mathsf{HUGE} }[/math] represents the theory of ZFC plus, for each [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math], "there is a [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]-huge cardinal", and [math]\displaystyle{ \mathsf{HUGE^+} }[/math] represents the theory of ZFC plus "for each [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math], there is a strongly [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]-huge cardinal".
  • 390
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Concept Learning
Concept learning, also known as category learning, concept attainment, and concept formation, is defined by Bruner, Goodnow, & Austin (1967) as "the search for and listing of attributes that can be used to distinguish exemplars from non exemplars of various categories". More simply put, concepts are the mental categories that help us classify objects, events, or ideas, building on the understanding that each object, event, or idea has a set of common relevant features. Thus, concept learning is a strategy which requires a learner to compare and contrast groups or categories that contain concept-relevant features with groups or categories that do not contain concept-relevant features. In a concept learning task, a human or machine learner is trained to classify objects by being shown a set of example objects along with their class labels. The learner simplifies what has been observed by condensing it in the form of an example. This simplified version of what has been learned is then applied to future examples. Concept learning may be simple or complex because learning takes place over many areas. When a concept is difficult, it is less likely that the learner will be able to simplify, and therefore will be less likely to learn. Colloquially, the task is known as learning from examples. Most theories of concept learning are based on the storage of exemplars and avoid summarization or overt abstraction of any kind.
  • 3.4K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
CNR
CNR, or One-Click & Run, was a free one-click software delivery service that was created to make finding and installing Linux software easier. It assisted the user in finding and installing software on their computer, and sat dormant in the system tray when not in use. CNR offered a large database of Linux programs that were suitable for everyday and specialty usage. It was available for Linspire and its derivatives, as well as various other Linux distributions.
  • 332
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
XBMCbuntu
Kodi (formerly XBMC) is a free and open-source media player software application developed by the XBMC Foundation, a non-profit technology consortium. Kodi is available for multiple operating systems and hardware platforms, with a software 10-foot user interface for use with televisions and remote controls. It allows users to play and view most streaming media, such as videos, music, podcasts, and videos from the Internet, as well as all common digital media files from local and network storage media. It is a multi-platform home-theater PC (HTPC) application. Kodi is customizable: skins can change its appearance, and plug-ins allow users to access streaming media content via online services such as Amazon Prime Instant Video, Crackle, Pandora Internet Radio, Rhapsody, Spotify, and YouTube. The later versions also have a personal video-recorder (PVR) graphical front end for receiving live television with electronic program guide (EPG) and high-definition digital video recorder (DVR) support. The software was created in 2002 as an independently developed homebrew media player application named Xbox Media Player for the first-generation Xbox game console, changing its name in 2004 to Xbox Media Center (abbreviated as XBMC, which was adopted as the official name in 2008) and was later made available under the name XBMC as a native application for Android, Linux, BSD, macOS, iOS/tvOS, and Microsoft Windows-based operating systems. Because of its open source and cross-platform nature, with its core code written in C++, modified versions of Kodi-XBMC together with JeOS have been used as a software appliance suite or software framework in a variety of devices, including smart TVs, set-top boxes, digital signage, hotel television systems, network connected media players and embedded systems based on armhf platforms like Raspberry Pi. Derivative applications such as MediaPortal and Plex have been spun off from XBMC or Kodi, as well as just enough operating systems like LibreELEC. Kodi has attracted negative attention due to the availability of third-party plug-ins for the software that facilitate unauthorized access to copyrighted media content, as well as "fully loaded" digital media players that are pre-loaded with such add-ons; The XBMC Foundation has not endorsed any of these uses, and has taken steps to disassociate the Kodi project from these add-ons, including threatening legal action against those using its trademarks to promote them.
  • 626
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Topic Review
Domain Name Registrar
A domain name registrar is a company that manages the reservation of Internet domain names. A domain name registrar must be accredited by a generic top-level domain (gTLD) registry or a country code top-level domain (ccTLD) registry. A registrar operates in accordance with the guidelines of the designated domain name registries.
  • 274
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Symmetric Difference
In mathematics, the symmetric difference, also known as the disjunctive union, of two sets is the set of elements which are in either of the sets and not in their intersection. The symmetric difference of the sets A and B is commonly denoted by or or For example, the symmetric difference of the sets [math]\displaystyle{ \{1,2,3\} }[/math] and [math]\displaystyle{ \{3,4\} }[/math] is [math]\displaystyle{ \{1,2,4\} }[/math]. The power set of any set becomes an abelian group under the operation of symmetric difference, with the empty set as the neutral element of the group and every element in this group being its own inverse. The power set of any set becomes a Boolean ring with symmetric difference as the addition of the ring and intersection as the multiplication of the ring.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Comparison of On-demand Music Streaming Services
The following is a list of on-demand music streaming services. The services offer streaming of full-length content via the Internet as a part of their service, without the listener necessarily purchasing a file for download. This type of service is comparable to Internet radio. Many of these sites have advertising and offer non-free options in the style of an online music store. For a list of online music stores that provide a means of purchasing and downloading music as files of some sort, see: Comparison of online music stores. Many of both types of sites offer services similar to an online music database.
  • 548
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Deep Anomaly Detection for In-Vehicle Monitoring
Deep learning approaches to the detection of visual data instances that markedly digress from regular sequences have been mostly focusing on outdoor video-surveillance scenarios, mainly regarding abnormal behaviour and suspicious or abandoned object detection. However, with the increasing importance of public and shared transportation for urban mobility, it becomes imperative to provide autonomous intelligent systems capable of detecting abnormal behaviour that threatens passenger safety. In-vehicle monitoring becomes particularly relevant for Shared Autonomous Vehicles, which do not have a driver responsible for assuring the well-being and safety of passengers; such vehicles must be accompanied by reliable autonomous in-vehicle surveillance systems.
  • 611
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Business Software
Business software or a business application is any software or set of computer programs used by business users to perform various business functions. These business applications are used to increase productivity, to measure productivity and to perform other business functions accurately. By and large, business software is likely to be developed to meet the needs of a specific business, and therefore is not easily transferable to a different business environment, unless its nature and operation is identical. Due to the unique requirements of each business, off-the-shelf software is unlikely to completely address a company's needs. However, where an on-the-shelf solution is necessary, due to time or monetary considerations, some level of customization is likely to be required. Exceptions do exist, depending on the business in question, and thorough research is always required before committing to bespoke or off-the-shelf solutions. Some business applications are interactive, i.e., they have a graphical user interface or user interface and users can query/modify/input data and view results instantaneously. They can also run reports instantaneously. Some business applications run in batch mode: they are set up to run based on a predetermined event/time and a business user does not need to initiate them or monitor them. Some business applications are built in-house and some are bought from vendors (off the shelf software products). These business applications are installed on either desktops or big servers. Prior to the introduction of COBOL (a universal compiler) in 1965, businesses developed their own unique machine language. RCA's language consisted of a 12-position instruction. For example, to read a record into memory, the first two digits would be the instruction (action) code. The next four positions of the instruction (an 'A' address) would be the exact leftmost memory location where you want the readable character to be placed. Four positions (a 'B' address) of the instruction would note the very rightmost memory location where you want the last character of the record to be located. A two digit 'B' address also allows a modification of any instruction. Instruction codes and memory designations excluded the use of 8's or 9's. The first RCA business application was implemented in 1962 on a 4k RCA 301. The RCA 301, mid frame 501, and large frame 601 began their marketing in early 1960. Many kinds of users are found within the business environment, and can be categorized by using a small, medium and large matrix: Technologies that previously only existed in peer-to-peer software applications, like Kazaa and Napster, are starting to appear within business applications.
  • 551
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Terminus (Video Game)
Terminus is a space-flight role-playing action video game by Vicarious Visions. It was released in 2000 for Microsoft Windows, Linux, and Apple Macintosh. Terminus won awards in the 1999 Independent Games Festival for "Technical Excellence" and "Innovation in Audio".
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