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Topic Review
Cybersecurity Economics
Cybersecurity economics can be defined as a field of research that utilizes a socio-technical perspective to investigate economic aspects of cybersecurity such as budgeting, information asymmetry, governance, and types of goods and services, to provide sustainable policy recommendations, regulatory options, and practical solutions that can substantially improve the cybersecurity posture of the interacting agents in the open socio-technical systems.   
  • 5.4K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Networked Control System
An NCS consists of control loops joined through communication networks in which both the control signal and the feedback signal are exchanged between the system and the controller.
  • 5.3K
  • 01 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Correlation and Dependence
In statistics, correlation or dependence is any statistical relationship, whether causal or not, between two random variables or bivariate data. In the broadest sense correlation is any statistical association, though it commonly refers to the degree to which a pair of variables are linearly related. Familiar examples of dependent phenomena include the correlation between the height of parents and their offspring, and the correlation between the price of a good and the quantity the consumers are willing to purchase, as it is depicted in the so-called demand curve. Correlations are useful because they can indicate a predictive relationship that can be exploited in practice. For example, an electrical utility may produce less power on a mild day based on the correlation between electricity demand and weather. In this example, there is a causal relationship, because extreme weather causes people to use more electricity for heating or cooling. However, in general, the presence of a correlation is not sufficient to infer the presence of a causal relationship (i.e., correlation does not imply causation). Formally, random variables are dependent if they do not satisfy a mathematical property of probabilistic independence. In informal parlance, correlation is synonymous with dependence. However, when used in a technical sense, correlation refers to any of several specific types of mathematical operations between the tested variables and their respective expected values. Essentially, correlation is the measure of how two or more variables are related to one another. There are several correlation coefficients, often denoted [math]\displaystyle{ \rho }[/math] or [math]\displaystyle{ r }[/math], measuring the degree of correlation. The most common of these is the Pearson correlation coefficient, which is sensitive only to a linear relationship between two variables (which may be present even when one variable is a nonlinear function of the other). Other correlation coefficients – such as Spearman's rank correlation – have been developed to be more robust than Pearson's, that is, more sensitive to nonlinear relationships. Mutual information can also be applied to measure dependence between two variables.
  • 5.3K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gramian Matrix
In linear algebra, the Gram matrix (or Gramian matrix, Gramian) of a set of vectors [math]\displaystyle{ v_1,\dots, v_n }[/math] in an inner product space is the Hermitian matrix of inner products, whose entries are given by [math]\displaystyle{ G_{ij}=\langle v_i, v_j \rangle }[/math]. An important application is to compute linear independence: a set of vectors are linearly independent if and only if the Gram determinant (the determinant of the Gram matrix) is non-zero. It is named after Jørgen Pedersen Gram.
  • 5.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Records Continuum Model
The Records Continuum Model (RCM) was created in the 1990s by Monash University academic Frank Upward with input from colleagues Sue McKemmish and Livia Iacovino as a response to evolving discussions about the challenges of managing digital records and archives in the discipline of Archival Science. The RCM was first published in Upward’s 1996 paper "Structuring the Records Continuum – Part One: Postcustodial principles and properties". Upward describes the RCM within the broad context of a continuum where activities and interactions transform documents into records, evidence and memory that are used for multiple purposes over time. Upward places the RCM within a post-custodial, postmodern and structuration conceptual framework. Australian academics and practitioners continue to explore, develop and extend the RCM and records continuum theory, along with international collaborators, via the Records Continuum Research Group (RCRG) at Monash University.
  • 5.2K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Operating Systems
This article presents a timeline of events in the history of computer operating systems from 1951 to the current day. For a narrative explaining the overall developments, see the History of operating systems.
  • 5.2K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Sims 3 Stuff Packs
Stuff packs are minor expansion packs for The Sims 3 that add new items, clothing, and furniture to the game without implementing any significant changes to gameplay.
  • 5.1K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Sims 2 Stuff Packs
Stuff packs are minor expansion packs for The Sims 2 that add new items, clothing, and furniture to the game without implementing any significant changes to gameplay.
  • 5.1K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Microsoft Visual C
Microsoft Visual C++ (often abbreviated to MSVC) is an integrated development environment (IDE) product from Microsoft for the C, C++, and C++/CLI programming languages. MSVC is proprietary software; it was originally a standalone product but later became a part of Visual Studio and made available in both trialware and freeware forms. It features tools for developing and debugging C++ code, especially code written for the Windows API, DirectX and .NET. Many applications require redistributable Visual C++ runtime library packages to function correctly. These packages are often installed independently of applications, allowing multiple applications to make use of the package while only having to install it once. These Visual C++ redistributable and runtime packages are mostly installed for standard libraries that many applications use.
  • 5.1K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Product Distribution
A product distribution is a probability distribution constructed as the distribution of the product of random variables having two other known distributions. Given two statistically independent random variables X and Y, the distribution of the random variable Z that is formed as the product is a product distribution.
  • 5.0K
  • 11 Nov 2022
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