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Topic Review
Timeline of DOS Operating Systems
This article presents a timeline of events in the history of 16-bit x86 DOS-family disk operating systems from 1980 to present. Non-x86 operating systems named "DOS" are not part of the scope of this timeline. Also presented is a timeline of events in the history of the 8-bit 8080-based and 16-bit x86-based CP/M operating systems from 1974 to 2014, as well as the hardware and software developments from 1973 to 1995 which formed the foundation for the initial version and subsequent enhanced versions of these operating systems.
  • 979
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Geochemical Modeling
Geochemical modeling is the practice of using chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, or both, to analyze the chemical reactions that affect geologic systems, commonly with the aid of a computer. It is used in high-temperature geochemistry to simulate reactions occurring deep in the Earth's interior, in magma, for instance, or to model low-temperature reactions in aqueous solutions near the Earth's surface, the subject of this article.
  • 978
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Perspective Projection Distortion
This page is about graphical perspective projection, specifically about distortion Perspective projection distortion is the mechanism that permits a draftsman or artist to produce linear perspective. It is accomplished by a geometric protocol that exhibits the inevitable distortion of three-dimensional space when “projected," i.e., drawn, on a two-dimensional surface. The words projected/projection here refer to the use of graphics’ lines in the protocol to simulate light ray traces from a Station Point (a supposed observer´s location) to the edges and corners of an object in space, creating thereby or by their extension, an image at the lines’ points of intersection with a Projection Plane. No type of projection can perfectly map the imagery of three dimensional space onto a projection plane because of the image's (mapped on the retina-sphere) undevelopability. This is a distortion of the drawing in itself called perspective projection distortion, and refers to the difference between the drawing and the way the objects depicted on it would look if it was real, but there is another distortion caused by the difference between the location of the supposed observer situated for the drawing process and the location of the real observer of the drawing. These two distortions exist simultaneously. In the special case — and the only instance — in which perspective imagery appears affected only by the perspective projection distortion, the real observer must view the perspective imagery from precisely the supposed station point of the perspective. Real human vision and perspective projection should (unless it is otherwise desired) look the same. The difference should be imperceptible. The base to rate the quality of the perspective projection is the real vision and the difference between them is the perspective projection distortion. Normal human vision should not be considered to present any distortion unless a disturbing factor is involved. Distortion in human vision appears when there is a visual problem involved. The use of lenses can also cause, modify or avoid these distortions. In photography a lens may magnify distortion.
  • 978
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Collaborative Cybersecurity Networked Organisations
The requirements to the governance of collaborative networked organisations (CNOs) can be structured in 33 categories: Geographical Representation or exclusion; Supply chain security; Involvement of external stakeholders; Standards and methodologies; Representation on senior governance bodies; Decision making principles; Auditing; Dispute/conflict management arrangements; Confidentiality & Security; IPR management; Ethics code; Use of slave labour or labour of minors; Green policies; Gender policies and representation; Transparency; Accountability ; Anti-corruption/ integrity policies; Innovation; Adaptiveness; Cohesion; Trust; Sustainability; Resilience; Communication and engagement; Knowledge management; Long-term perspective on collaboration; Interoperability; Leadership; Organisational culture; Competences; Risk management; Evidence-based decision-making; and Competitiveness. As a result of a comprehensive study for CNOs in the field of cybersecurity these governance issues have been structured in two groups (of governance objectives and CNO features) and four tiers in terms of priority. While the governance categories are universally applicable, their prioritisation is relevant for CNOs in the field of cybersecurity.
  • 978
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Economic History
Economic history is the academic study of economies or economic events of the past. Research is conducted using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods and the application of economic theory to historical situations and institutions. The field can encompass a wide variety of topics, including equality, finance, technology, labour, and business. It emphasizes historicizing the economy itself, analyzing it as a dynamic force and attempting to provide insights into the way it is structured and conceived. Using both quantitative data and qualitative sources, economic historians emphasize understanding the historical context in which major economic events take place. They often focus on the institutional dynamics of systems of production, labor, and capital, as well as the economy's impact on society, culture, and language. Scholars of the discipline may approach their analysis from the perspective of different schools of economic thought, such as mainstream economics, Marxian economics, the Chicago school of economics, and Keynesian economics. Economic history has several sub-disciplines. Historical methods are commonly applied in financial and business history, which overlap with areas of social history such as demographic and labor history. In the sub-discipline called New Economic History or cliometrics, economists use quantitative (econometric) methods. In history of capitalism, historians explain economic historical issues and processes from a historical point of view.
  • 976
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Modern Pascal
Modern Pascal (sometimes stylized as ModernPascal) is a closed source, cross-platform, interpreter, compiler, and runtime system (environment) for command line, server-side and networking applications. Modern Pascal applications are written in Pascal and Object Pascal, and can be run within the Modern Pascal runtime on the operating systems Microsoft Windows, Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Solaris and DOS/32. Its work is hosted and supported by the 3F, LLC and partner MP Solutions, LLC. Modern Pascal provides a blocking I/O application programming interface (API) technology commonly used for operating system applications. Modern Pascal CodeRunner contains a built-in library to allow applications to act as a Web server without software such as Apache HTTP Server or Internet Information Services (IIS).
  • 976
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Calculating Nonlinear Hyperbolic Evolution Equations
Benchmark calculations of high-precision numerical scheme for nonlinear hyperbolic evolution equations are demonstrated. The scheme is based on the Fourier spectral method for spatial discretization and the implicit Runge-Kutta method for time discretization.
  • 976
  • 19 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Integration of AI and the IoT in Education
The emulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems is known as artificial intelligence (AI). The development of intelligent machines that function and respond much like people is the focus of this area of computer science. Machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing are all examples of AI technology. These tools may be used to build systems with intelligence that can reason, analyze, and gain knowledge from data. On the other hand, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of real physical items, such as gadgets and appliances, that are integrated with sensors, software, and connections to allow for data collection and exchange. The integration of AI and the IoT in education has the potential to revolutionize the way we learn. Personalized learning, real-time feedback and support, and immersive learning experiences are some of the benefits that AI and the IoT can bring to the education system.
  • 975
  • 22 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Deep Packet Inspection
Deep packet inspection (DPI) is a type of data processing that inspects in detail the data being sent over a computer network, and may take actions such as alerting, blocking, re-routing, or logging it accordingly. Deep packet inspection is often used to baseline application behavior, analyze network usage, troubleshoot network performance, ensure that data is in the correct format, check for malicious code, eavesdropping, and internet censorship, among other purposes. There are multiple headers for IP packets; network equipment only needs to use the first of these (the IP header) for normal operation, but use of the second header (such as TCP or UDP) is normally considered to be shallow packet inspection (usually called stateful packet inspection) despite this definition. There are multiple ways to acquire packets for deep packet inspection. Using port mirroring (sometimes called Span Port) is a very common way, as well physically inserting a network tap which duplicates and sends the data stream to an analyzer tool for inspection. Deep Packet Inspection (and filtering) enables advanced network management, user service, and security functions as well as internet data mining, eavesdropping, and internet censorship. Although DPI has been used for Internet management for many years, some advocates of net neutrality fear that the technique may be used anticompetitively or to reduce the openness of the Internet. DPI is used in a wide range of applications, at the so-called "enterprise" level (corporations and larger institutions), in telecommunications service providers, and in governments.
  • 975
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Accessibility and Sustainability in Context of Healthcare Platforms
A health platform is an IT system that provides a common infrastructure for delivering healthcare services. Organizations, including hospitals, clinics, home care providers, and governments, can use healthcare platforms. Examples of healthcare platforms include electronic health records (EHRs) and computer systems that store patients’ medical information, including health records, test results, and medications.
  • 974
  • 01 Dec 2023
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