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Topic Review
Brain Immunoinformatics
Breakthrough advances in informatics of the last decade have thoroughly influenced the field of immunology. In particular, the immunoinformatics of the central neural system is referred to as neuroimmunoinformatics (NII). This interdisciplinary overview on NII is addressed to bioscientists and computer scientists. We delineate the dominating trajectories and field-shaping achievements and elaborate on future directions using a bridging language and terminology. Computation, varying from linear modeling to complex deep learning approaches, fuels neuroimmunology through three core directions. Firstly, by providing big-data analysis software for high-throughput methods such as next-generation sequencing and genome-wide association studies. Secondly, by designing models for the prediction of protein morphology, functions, and protein-protein interactions. Finally, NII boosts the output of quantitative pathology by enabling the automatization of tedious processes such as cell counting, tracing, and arbor analysis. Deep sequencing classifies microglia in “sensotypes” to accurately describe the versatility of immune responses to physiological and pathological challenges, as well as to experimental conditions such as xenografting and organoids. NII opts to individualize treatment strategies, personalize disease prognosis and treatment response.   
  • 693
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
CSS HTML Validator
CSS HTML Validator (previously named CSE HTML Validator) is an HTML editor and CSS editor for Windows (and Linux when used with Wine) that helps web developers create syntactically correct and accessible HTML, XHTML, and CSS documents (including HTML5 and CSS3) by locating errors, potential problems, and common mistakes. It is also able to check links, suggest improvements, alert developers to deprecated, obsolete, or proprietary tags, attributes, and CSS properties, and find issues that can affect search engine optimization. CSS HTML Validator is developed, marketed, and sold by AI Internet Solutions LLC located in Texas . The first version of CSS HTML Validator was released in 1997 for Windows 95. The current version is 2022/v22.01 (as of July 22, 2022) and is for Windows 7 and above, including Windows 11. There are four major editions of CSS HTML Validator — Enterprise, Pro/Professional, Home/Standard, and Lite. While the application is generally a commercial product (except for the Lite edition), a free version of the Home/Standard edition is available for personal/educational, non-commercial use.
  • 693
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Discrimination, Bias, Fairness, and Trustworthy AI
It has been identified that there exists a set of specialized variables, such as security, privacy, responsibility, etc., that are used to operationalize the principles in the Principled AI International Framework.  Bias, discrimination, and fairness are mainly approached with an operational interest by the Principled AI International Framework.
  • 692
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Mobile Agents in the Medical Care Domain
A mobile agent is a software application that moves naturally among hosts in a uniform and non-uniform environment; it starts with one host and then moves onto the next in order to divide data between clients. The mobile paradigm is utilized in a wide assortment of medical care applications such as the medical information of a patient, the recovery of clinical information, the incorporation of information pertaining to their wellbeing, dynamic help, telemedicine, obtaining clinical data, patient administration, and so on. The accompanying security issues have grown in tandem with the complexity and improvements in mobile agent technologies. As mobile agents work in an insecure environment, their security is a top priority when communicating and exchanging data and information. Data integrity, data confidentiality and authentication, on-repudiation, denial of service, and access control, are all key security concerns with mobile agent migration.
  • 692
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Swarm Intelligence Based Load Balancing Techniques
Swarm Intelligence aims to combine relatively high approximate techniques to guide local optimization strategies in order to explore a solution space successfully and efficiently.
  • 692
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Spectral Reconstruction Methods for Remote Sensing Images
Spectral reconstruction of remote sensing images mainly focused on RGB or multispectral to hyperspectral. Spectral reconstruction methods can be divided into two branches: prior-driven and data-driven methods. Earlier researchers adopted the sparse dictionary method. With the development of deep learning, owing to its excellent feature extraction and reconstruction capabilities, more and more researchers are adopting deep learning methods to gradually replace the traditional sparse dictionary approach.
  • 691
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Lamport Timestamps
The algorithm of Lamport timestamps is a simple algorithm used to determine the order of events in a distributed computer system. As different nodes or processes will typically not be perfectly synchronized, this algorithm is used to provide a partial ordering of events with minimal overhead, and conceptually provide a starting point for the more advanced vector clock method. They are named after their creator, Leslie Lamport. Distributed algorithms such as resource synchronization often depend on some method of ordering events to function. For example, consider a system with two processes and a disk. The processes send messages to each other, and also send messages to the disk requesting access. The disk grants access in the order the messages were sent. For example process [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] sends a message to the disk requesting write access, and then sends a read instruction message to process [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math]. Process [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] receives the message, and as a result sends its own read request message to the disk. If there is a timing delay causing the disk to receive both messages at the same time, it can determine which message happened-before the other: [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] happens-before [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] if one can get from [math]\displaystyle{ A }[/math] to [math]\displaystyle{ B }[/math] by a sequence of moves of two types: moving forward while remaining in the same process, and following a message from its sending to its reception. A logical clock algorithm provides a mechanism to determine facts about the order of such events. Lamport invented a simple mechanism by which the happened-before ordering can be captured numerically. A Lamport logical clock is a numerical software counter value maintained in each process. Conceptually, this logical clock can be thought of as a clock that only has meaning in relation to messages moving between processes. When a process receives a message, it re-synchronizes its logical clock with that sender. The above-mentioned vector clock is a generalization of the idea into the context of an arbitrary number of parallel, independent processes.
  • 690
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Memristive System Based Image Processing Technology
This entry describes that recent advances of memristive system-based image processing are presented.
  • 690
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Arabic Optical Character Recognition Challenges
When it is necessary to store or edit a text written by hand in Arabic, this can only be performed manually, which can take significant time. However, fortunately, optical character recognition can be applied for this particular case. Optical character recognition (OCR) is a technique that is used to read and recognize the text present in an image and then convert it into a textual format. Once the text is extracted and digitized, it can utilize the applications of storing, retrieving, searching, and editing. Here, researchers shed light on the challenges accompanying OCR in general, then narrow it down to the case of Arabic OCR.
  • 689
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Programming Tasks
Artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted programming can enable software engineers to work more efficiently and effectively with the existing software tools such as OpenAI ChatGPT, Github Copilot, DeepMind AlphaCode, Amazon Codewhisperer, Replit Ghostwriter, Microsoft IntelliCode and Codedium, especially in situations where complex algorithms are being used that involve large amounts of code (i.e., Big Code regime). It also strikes a balance between productivity and ensuring safety, security, and reliability within the programming development environment. There are two main categories of AI-assisted programming tasks related to software naturalness: generation and understanding. The former includes code generation, code completion, code translation, code refinement, and code summarization. The latter is concerned with understanding code and includes defect detection and clone detection.
  • 689
  • 03 Jul 2023
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