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Topic Review
Automatic Recognition of 2D Engineering Drawings
In an environment where manufacturing precision requirements are increasing, complete project plans can consist of hundreds of engineering drawings. The presentation of these drawings often varies based on personal preferences, leading to inconsistencies in format and symbols. The lack of standardization in these aspects can result in inconsistent interpretations during subsequent analysis. Therefore, proper annotation of engineering drawings is crucial as it determines product quality, subsequent inspections, and processing costs. To reduce the time and cost associated with interpreting and analyzing drawings, as well as to minimize human errors in judgment, researchers developed an engineering drawing recognition system. Existing 2D engineering drawings serve as the training data, and image segmentation is performed to identify objects such as dimensions, tolerances, functional frames, and geometric symbols in the drawings using the network model. By reading the coordinates corresponding to each object, the correct values are displayed.
  • 306
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
HVAC Data-Driven Maintenance
Buildings’ heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems account for significant global energy use. Proper maintenance can minimize their environmental footprint and enhance the quality of the indoor environment. The adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors integrated into HVAC systems has paved the way for data-driven predictive maintenance (PdM) grounded in real-time operational metrics.
  • 222
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of the Smart Grid Served by 6G
A well-functioning smart grid is an essential part of an efficient and uninterrupted power supply for the key enablers of smart cities. To effectively manage the operations of a smart grid, there is an essential requirement for a seamless wireless communication system that provides high data rates, reliability, flexibility, massive connectivity, low latency, security, and adaptability to changing needs.
  • 383
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fall Detection and Activity Logging Using Motion Classification
The entry presents a novel approach to detect falls in people who use orthopedic walkers, especially in older people and people with limited mobility. Recognizing that walker users may not wear traditional wearable devices, such as bracelets, consistently, the researchers propose connecting an Internet of Things (IoT) device equipped with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor directly to the walker. This setup aims to provide real-time fall detection and activity logging. To support this system, a data set capturing four distinct activities of walker users was collected and labeled: idle, motion, step, and fall.
  • 286
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Wave Energy Generation in Brazil
Seas and oceans offer great potential as a widely available source of clean and renewable energy near high energy consumption centers. This source of energy is a valuable option in the energy transition and in energy matrix decarbonization. Wave energy and an oscillating water column (OWC) device stand out as the types of ocean energy with the most potential. An onshore OWC requires locations with rocky outcrops and steeper slopes as the device needs to be physically installed and has lower energy dissipation due to friction with the seabed. However, Brazil has approximately 7490 km of coastlines, with various shoreline geometries and geomorphologies, some of which are very suitable for OWC implementation.
  • 322
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gravity Centre Watchdog Alarm
Gravity centre watchdog alarm, called a GC-WatchdogAlarm, monitors the condition of the press stamping and warns us when a pattern appears that we consider outside the correct working standards. To this end, two restrictions have been defined that must not be complied with: one is that there should be no deviation in the stamping and the second is that there should be no difference between each of the force values for each press position greater than usual. The GC-WatchdogAlarm tool runs every 24 h, analysing all the stamping parts made during a day of production. In the case of finding an anomaly, it generates an alarm that is sent to the maintenance team in order to perform a deep analysis of what happened. This is a good tool to take advantage of when making decisions.
  • 211
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Energy Grid Applications
In the energy usage scenario, the demands on energy load and the tariffs on the usage of electricity are two main areas that require a lot of attention. Energy forecasting is an ideal solution that would help us to better understand future needs and formulate solutions accordingly. Some important factors to investigate are the quantity and quality of smart grids as they are significantly influenced by the transportation, storage, and load management of energy.
  • 318
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Earthquake Early Warning
Earthquake early warning (EEW) systems have been rapidly developing as a result of the development of information technology. EEW systems are able to analyze ground motions in real time and provide alerts before the onset of the destructive seismic waves at specific targets. EEW systems can be divided into on-site, regional, and hybrid EEW systems. In regional EEW systems, a sequence of streams from different stations  are analyzed at a central hub through a “picking” algorithm that is able to detect P-wave onsets in the seismic traces of multiple stations, and then use this information for earthquake localization and event declaration. On the contrary, an on-site EEW system is based on sensors installed near a target to monitor, where an intensity estimation is produced based on the initial P-wave detection at the target. Lastly, these two approaches are combined in a hybrid EEW system. Early alarm dissemination and source localization through EEW systems might allow the end-users of these system to take precautionary measures, aid disaster responders, and automate safety measures in certain scenarios, with important benefits in terms of risk reduction, first response, and disaster management.
  • 327
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bioethanol
Bioethanol is the most widely used alternative transportation fuel to petrol. Bioethanol is considered a clean, renewable, and environmentally friendly fuel that can contribute to climate change mitigation, decreased environmental pollution, and enhanced energy security.
  • 489
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Local Production Chain for Structural Timber in Sardinia
The construction sector is currently responsible for over 30% of the consumption of natural resources and the release of solid waste and pollution into the environment. This situation is even more serious in closed communities such as islands, economically highly dependent on the outside world. One of the possible interventions to reverse this trend is the use of eco-sustainable construction materials such as wood, produced through supply chains with a low environmental impact. The local production of structural elements made of locally grown timber, besides the environmental benefits linked to wood properties, would bring ecological, social, and cultural advantages, such as better forest management and new job opportunities related to timber production, processing, and construction. These aspects are of paramount importance in isolated economies such as islands and become crucial in disadvantaged regions, such as the inner parts of Sardinia, currently prone to depopulation and a decline in rural land.
  • 356
  • 26 Oct 2023
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