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Topic Review
Building Safety Management System Based on Digital Technology
The scale of human accidents and the resultant damage has increased due to recent large-scale urban (building) fires, meaning there is a need to devise an effective strategy for urban disasters. In the event of a fire, it is difficult to evacuate in the early stages due to the loss of detection function, difficulty in securing visibility, and confusion over evacuation routes. Accordingly, for rapid evacuation and rescue, it is necessary to build a city-level fire safety service and digital system based on smart technology. In addition, both forest and building fires emit a large amount of carbon dioxide, which is the main cause of global warming.
  • 171
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Advancements of Rim-Driven Fans in Aerial Vehicles
As the aviation industry seeks sustainable propulsion solutions, innovative technologies have emerged, among which rim-driven fan (RDF) systems hold notable promise. Amid escalating concerns about greenhouse gas emissions, the aviation sector’s shift towards electric propulsion has gained impetus. RDF technology has emerged as a beacon of optimism, heralding the prospect of energy-efficient and eco-conscious air travel. 
  • 283
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Concrete-Crack Detection on Railway Sleepers
Crack inspection in railway sleepers is crucial for ensuring rail safety and avoiding deadly accidents. Traditional methods for detecting cracks on railway sleepers are very time-consuming and lack efficiency. Therefore, researchers are paying attention to vision-based algorithms, especially Deep Learning algorithms.
  • 275
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Carrageenan in Biodegradable Force Sensors Development
Biodegradable force sensors are a specific type of technology designed to be environmentally friendly and capable of naturally degrading over time. These sensors are typically made from biocompatible and biodegradable materials, allowing them to break down and dissolve into nontoxic components when exposed to specific environmental conditions. Flexible biodegradable force sensors find applications in various fields where temporary force monitoring or sensing is needed, for example, in biomedicine, environmental monitoring, or agricultural applications. Like most flexible sensors, they can also be used in medical implants or wearable devices to monitor the forces applied during rehabilitation or assistive activities.
  • 229
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
A Review of Lunar Communications and Antennas
Over the previous two decades, a notable array of space exploration missions have been initiated with the primary aim of facilitating the return of both humans and robots from Earth to the moon. The significance of these endeavors cannot be emphasized enough as numerous entities, both public and private, from across the globe have invested substantial resources into this pursuit. Researchers have committed their efforts to addressing the challenges linked to lunar communication. Even with all of these efforts, only a few of the many suggested designs for communication and antennas on the moon have been evaluated and compared. These designs have also not beenshared with the scientific community. To bridge this gap in the existing body of knowledge, this paper conducts a thorough review of lunar surface communication and the diverse antenna designs employed in lunar communication systems. This paper provides a summary of the findings presented in lunar surface communication research while also outlining the assorted challenges that impact lunar communication. Apart from various antenna designs reported in this field, based on their intended usage, two additional classifications are introduced: (a) mission-based antennas—utilized in actual lunar missions—and (b) research-based antennas—employed solely for research purposes. Given the critical need to comprehend and predict lunar conditions and antenna behaviors within those conditions, this review holds immense significance. Its relevance is particularly pronounced in light of the numerous upcoming lunar missions that have been announced.
  • 211
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Fused Deposition Modelling of Thermoplastic-Based Filaments
The fused deposition modeling (FDM) process, an extrusion-based 3D printing technology, enables the manufacture of complex geometrical elements. This technology employs diverse materials, including thermoplastic polymers and composites as well as recycled resins to encourage sustainable growth. FDM is used in a variety of industrial fields, including automotive, biomedical, and textiles, as a rapid prototyping method to reduce costs and shorten production time, or to develop items with detailed designs and high precision. 
  • 278
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Effect of LEO Environment on Composite Materials
Space weather in terms of low earth orbits has been characterized into seven main elements, namely microgravity, residual atmosphere, high vacuum, atomic oxygen, ultraviolet and ionization radiation, solar radiation, and space debris. Each element effects on polymers and composite materials. Quantification of these effects can be evaluated by understanding the mechanisms of material degradation caused by each environmental factor along with its synergetic effect. Hence, the design elements to mitigate the material degradation can be identified. Finally, a cause-and-effect diagram (Ishikawa diagram) is designed to characterize the important design elements required to investigate while choosing a material for a satellite’s structure. This will help the designers to develop experimental methodologies to test the composite material for its suitability against the space environment. Some available testing facilities will be discussed. Some potential polymers will also be suggested for further evaluation.
  • 228
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Environmentally Friendly Smart Construction
Modern economic, social and environmental challenges require a new type of construction that ensures resilience, low construction costs and ease of maintenance. Material production, manufacturing of structural elements and final assembly should minimise the environmental impacts, such as greenhouse emissions and waste production. 
  • 310
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Composite Cold Spray for Coated Bores
The tribological performance of a thermal sprayed, mirror-like surface with localized protuberances was investigated through tribotests and computational simulation. A composite coating with a 410L steel matrix and M2 tool steel hard particles was applied by the cold spray process as a bore coating for combustion engines. The presence of protuberances promoted the quick formation of an antifriction tribofilm when tested with an SAE 0W-16 containing ZDDP and MoDTC, which significantly reduced the asperity friction in comparison to the conventional engine coated bores in reciprocating tribological tests.
  • 320
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Multimodal Biometric Identification System
In the past two decades, many physical and behavioral biometric modalities have been under extensive research, such as fingerprints, palm prints, palms/Finger Textures, faces, irises, voice, gait and signature. All these modalities are vulnerable to presentation spoof attacks; hence, the level of provided security is compromised. Fingerprint- and palm-print-based biometric systems may be deceived by using gelatin or clay-made artificial fingerprint surfaces or images. Biometric systems using faces as a biometric modality may be attacked by using photographs, 3-D face models and recorded short clips. Iris-based biometric systems may encounter spoof attacks by employing iris images taken from enrolled users. Voice- and gait-based biometric systems may be attacked by feeding prerecorded audio and video to the recognition system, respectively. 
  • 193
  • 21 Dec 2023
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