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Topic Review
Two-Wire Resistance Temperature Detectors
In the remote measurement system, the lead wire resistance of the resistance sensor will produce a large measurement error. In order to ensure the accuracy of remote measurement, a novel lead-wire-resistance compensation technique is proposed, which is suitable for two-wire resistance temperature detector. By connecting a zener diode in parallel with the RTD and an interface circuit specially designed for it, the lead-wire-resistance value can be accurately measured by virtue of the constant voltage characteristic of the zener diode when reverse breakdown, compensation can thereby be made when calculating the resistance of RTD. Through simulation verification and practical circuit test, when the sensor resistance is in 848 - 2120 Ω scope and the lead wire resistance is less than 50 Ω, the proposed technology can ensure the measuring error of the sensor resistance within ± 1 Ω and the temperature measurement error within ± 0.3 ℃ for RTDs performing 1000 Ω at 0 ℃. Therefore, this method is able to accurately compensate the resistance of two-wire RTD lead and is suitable for most applications.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Two-Stage Sustainable Supply Chain Networks
Supply chain networks have emerged as the backbone of economic activities in the modern world. Most of the literature on the optimization problem of transportation in supply chain networks (SCNs) considers fixed costs (FCs).
  • 229
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Two-Stage Fuzzy Traffic Congestion Detector
This research presents a two-stage fuzzy-logic application based on the Mamdani inference method to classify the observed road traffic conditions. It was tested using real data extracted from the Padua–Venice motorway in Italy, which contains a dense monitoring network that provides continuous measurements of flow, occupancy, and speed. The data collected indicate that the traffic flow characteristics of the road network are highly perturbed in oversaturated conditions, suggesting that a fuzzy approach might be more convenient than a deterministic one.
  • 309
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Two-Sided Matching in Coal Mining and Power Generation
Under the current marketized coal and planned electricity price systems, barriers to price shifting between coal and electricity are created and conflicts between the two sectors are aggravated. The stable trading matching between coal mining and power generation companies is not only an effective means to resolve the conflict in the coal trading market, but also a ballast stone for price stabilization and supply guarantees in coal trading.
  • 294
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Two-Phase Immersion Cooling with Surface Modifications
As an alternative method to the practical limitations of air cooling, liquid cooling methods have drawn attention. Liquid cooling can dissipate heat up to 202 W/cm2, which is approximately six times higher than that of conventional air cooling. The liquid cooling can be divided into one-phase driven by a pump and two-phase cooling using pool boiling.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Two-Lane Highways: Indispensable Rural Mobility
Two-lane highways refer to roadways consisting of two lanes in the cross section, one for each direction of travel. Occasionally, passing lanes may be added to one or two sides of the roadway extending the cross section to three or four lanes at those locations. In this entry, two-lane highways strictly refer to roads in rural areas meeting the previous definition and do not include urban and suburban streets.
  • 2.8K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Transillumination Imaging and Functional Imaging
Imaging within the realm of biomedical applications can be categorized into two domains based on object size: macroscopic and microscopic imaging. The substantive importance of macroscopic imaging has been demonstrated prominently in medical practices, encompassing X-ray imaging, positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasonic echo imaging. Although these modalities offer undeniable utility, they are not devoid of limitations. Even with recent progress in X-ray detection, the ionizing radiation inherent to X-ray imaging engenders challenges related to repeated exposure. Similarly, the utilization of PET and MRI is impeded by the considerable scale of the necessary apparatus, thereby hindering seamless bedside deployment. The domain of ultrasound imaging presents difficulty involving a tradeoff between spatial resolution and penetration depth in animal bodies. An additional contender for noninvasive macroscopic structural imaging of animal bodies has emerged: optical imaging.
  • 172
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Flexible Sensors for Blood Pressure Monitoring
Flexible sensors have been extensively employed in wearable technologies for physiological monitoring given the technological advancement in recent years. Conventional sensors made of silicon or glass substrates may be limited by their rigid structures, bulkiness, and incapability for continuous monitoring of vital signs, such as blood pressure (BP). Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have received considerable attention in fabrication of flexible sensors due to their large surface area-to-volume ratio, high electrical conductivity, cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and lightweight.
  • 486
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Twinning-Induced Plasticity
Twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is a second-generation advanced high strength steel grade developed for automotive applications. TWIP steels exhibit an excellent combination of strength and ductility, mainly originating from the activation of deformation twinning.
  • 2.3K
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Twin-Screw Granulation
Twin-screw granulation (TSG) is a pharmaceutical process that has gained increased interest from the pharmaceutical industry for its potential for the development of oral dosage forms. The technology has evolved rapidly due to the flexibility of the equipment design, the selection of the process variables and the wide range of processed materials. Most importantly, TSG offers the benefits of both batch and continuous manufacturing for pharmaceutical products, accompanied by excellent process control, high product quality which can be achieved through the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) approaches and the integration of Process Analytical Tools (PAT). 
  • 3.7K
  • 18 May 2021
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