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Topic Review
Vehicle Routing Problem and Its Variants
The VRP solution revolves around finding a route plan, that is, a set of routes associated with a fleet of vehicles, which implies low costs associated with time, fuel, total distance traveled, and labor charges. 
  • 949
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vehicle Routing Problem
With the expansion of online shopping, urban logistics must handle the increasing customer demand, making the last-mile delivery process more challenging. Furthermore, this expansion significantly contributes to companies’ distribution costs. To overcome some of the last-mile delivery costs, parcel lockers-as a delivery option-can be an alternative solution. Parcel lockers extend delivery options beyond home delivery, offering cost-saving benefits. However, incorporating multiple delivery options introduces additional complexity to the delivery management system.
  • 176
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Vehicle Design and Technology for Reducing Fuel Consumption
In recent times, the significance of advancing road transportation technologies has notably increased. This is mainly driven by the escalating need for road transportation systems that are not only safe but also environmentally sustainable. Moreover, enhancing fuel efficiency in road vehicles (i.e., automobiles) holds the potential to contribute significantly to the reduction of a country’s economic vulnerability (i.e., improved energy security), by reducing the reliance on energy imports. 
  • 547
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Vehicle and Powertrain Efficiency of Long-Haul Commercial Vehicles
On-road transportation of freight is central to modern economic activity. However, current on-road freight vehicles emit significant amounts of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs), on the order of 7% of global anthropogenic emissions, along with significant amounts of local and regional air pollutants. Mitigating CO2 emissions from long-haul commercial trucking is a major challenge that must be addressed to achieve substantial reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. Extensive recent research and development programs have shown how significant near-term reductions in GHGs from commercial vehicles can be achieved by combining technological advances. 
  • 226
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Vegetable Oils as Lubricants
Vegetable oils have been used as metalworking fluids (MWFs) for many years, particularly in small-scale metalworking operations and in industries where environmental regulations are strict. Before the development of modern MWFs, vegetable oils were one of the most common lubricants used for metalworking tools. The use of vegetable oils can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, and Rome, where olive oil was commonly used to lubricate metal tools and weapons. 
  • 2.7K
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
VDM-1
The Processor Technology VDM-1, for Video Display Module, was the first video card for S-100 bus computers. Created in 1975, it allows an S-100 machine to produce its own display, and when paired with a keyboard and their 3P+S card, it eliminates the need for a separate video terminal. Using a 7 x 9 dot matrix and ASCII characters, it produces a 64-column by 16-row text display. The VDM-1 is a complex card and was soon replaced by an increasing number of similar products from other companies. An early competitor was the Solid State Music VB-1, which offers an identical display from a much simpler card. Later cards using LSI chips have enough room to include the keyboard controller as well.
  • 7.0K
  • 08 Oct 2022
Topic Review
VAX-11
The VAX-11 is a discontinued family of superminicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). They were first announced in 1977, and were the first computers to implement the Virtual Address eXtension (VAX) instruction set architecture (ISA). The VAX-11 processors also supported the user mode PDP-11 instruction set for backwards compatibility (thus the -11 in VAX-11). They were discontinued in 1988, having been supplanted by the MicroVAX family on the low end, and the VAX 8000 family on the high end. It is historically one of the most successful and studied computers in history.
  • 912
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Vascular Repair by Grafting Based on Magnetic Nanoparticles
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted much attention in the past few decades because of their unique magnetic responsiveness. Especially in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, they are mostly involved in non-invasive ways and have achieved good results. The magnetic responsiveness of MNPs is strictly controlled by the size, crystallinity, uniformity, and surface properties of the synthesized particles. 
  • 338
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Variobahn
The Variobahn, formerly known as the Variotram, is a German-designed model of articulated low-floor tram and light rail vehicle. Since its introduction in 1993, the Variobahn has been manufactured variously by ABB, Adtranz, Bombardier Transportation, and since 2001 by Stadler Rail. As of 2009, 254 trams have been ordered, with an additional 110 on option. A unit costs about €2.5 million. Operators include the Graz Holding, the Bergen Light Rail, the Chemnitz Tramway, Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Ruhr, the Helsinki Tramway, the Rhine Neckar Area Tramway and London Tramlink.
  • 737
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Variable-Pitch Propeller
A variable-pitch propeller or controllable-pitch propeller (CPP) is a type of propeller with blades that can be rotated around their long axis to change the blade pitch. Reversible propellers—those where the pitch can be set to negative values—can also create reverse thrust for braking or going backwards without the need to change the direction of shaft revolution.
  • 2.5K
  • 23 Nov 2022
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