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Topic Review
Indoor Positioning System
The indoor positioning system (IPS) provides continuous real-time localization of objects or people within an enclosed space in different environments, using a network of transmitters and receivers. Indoor localization is more complex than outdoor localization because the indoor communication channel varies significantly with the environment and depends heavily on many factors, such as building structure, room layout, and construction materials.
  • 909
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Surface Thermometry Methods in Combustion Environments
Temperature is one of the most important parameters in the combustion processes. Accurate surface temperature can help to gain insight into the combustion characteristics of various solid or liquid fuels, as well as to evaluate the operating status of combustion power facilities such as internal combustion engines and gas turbines. Techniques for surface temperature measurement could be broadly divided into two categories: contact-based thermometry, which is mainly composed of various types of thermocouples and thermistors, as well as non-intrusive thermometry, e.g., radiation thermometry and laser-based techniques.
  • 460
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Factors in the Design of Bird Diverters
The design of bird diverters should be based upon the perception of birds, not the perception of humans, but until now it is human vision that has guided diverter design. Aspects of bird vision pertinent to diverter design are reviewed.
  • 491
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Semi-Closed Oxy–Fuel Combustion Power Cycles with CO2 Recirculation
With the increases in organic fuel prices and growing legislative restrictions aimed at increasing environmental safety and reducing the carbon footprint, the task of increasing thermal power plant efficiency is becoming more and more topical. Transforming combusting fuel thermal energy into electric power more efficiently will allow the reduction of the fuel cost fraction in the cost structure and decrease harmful emissions, especially greenhouse gases, as less fuel will be consumed. There are traditional ways of improving thermal power plant energy efficiency: increasing turbine inlet temperature and utilizing exhaust heat. An alternative way to improve energy efficiency is the use of supercritical CO2 power cycles, which have a number of advantages over traditional ones due to carbon dioxide’s thermophysical properties. In particular, the use of carbon dioxide allows increasing efficiency by reducing compression and friction losses in the wheel spaces of the turbines; in addition, it is known that CO2 turbomachinery has smaller dimensions compared to traditional steam and gas turbines of similar capacity.
  • 812
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Electroencephalogram Control Strategies
Electroencephalography (EEG) is the most often-used brain signal in brain-machine interface applications. EEG measures brain activity electric signals generated by currents created by neurons within the brain. Several factors contribute to this popularity compared to other brain wave measurement methods. EEG signals are non-invasive, low cost, compatible, portable, and have a high temporal resolution. This explains why EEG is the most widely used tool to measure brain activity. Furthermore, it is reasonably priced and has an excellent temporal resolution (1 ms).
  • 468
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Continuous MOF Membranes for Gas Separation and Pervaporation
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a sub-group of porous crystalline materials, have been receiving increasing attention for gas separation and pervaporation because of their high thermal and chemical stability, narrow window sizes, as well as tuneable structural, physical, and chemical properties.
  • 314
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
SAR Image Target Detection with Convolutional Neural Networks
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) target detection is a significant research direction in radar information processing. Aiming at the poor robustness and low detection accuracy of traditional detection algorithms, SAR image target detection based on the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is presented in this entry.
  • 748
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Energy Harvesting from Fluid Flow Using Piezoelectric Materials
The use of piezoelectric-energy harvesting has grown in popularity during the previous two decades. Several implantable energy-harvesting technologies are being developed by scientists to power portable gadgets and medical equipment. Thanks to new technologies, researchers have been able to fabricate highly flexible piezoelectric devices and electronics, paving the way for the development of biocompatible and long-lasting harvesters. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Application of VCSEL in Bio-Sensing Atomic Magnetometers
There is a rapid development of chip-scale atomic devices due to their great potential in the field of biomedical imaging, namely chip-scale atomic magnetometers that enable high resolution magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). For atomic devices of this kind, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have become the most crucial components as integrated pumping sources, which are attracting growing interest.
  • 431
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Gecko Toe Adhesion
In real life, geckos’ dwell on a variety of environmental conditions, such as deserts and tropical forests, consisting of surfaces that are often hot, wet, and experience humid conditions. Considerable studies have worked to understand the mechanics of gecko adhesion, but the majority have been performed under highly controlled laboratory surfaces. Less information is available about how surrounding factors such as wet conditions, humid conditions, and surface roughness impact the adhesive abilities of geckos in their natural habitat. Hence, it is necessary to study how environmental factors impact the natural adhesion capabilities of geckos.
  • 420
  • 16 Dec 2022
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