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Topic Review
Model-Free HVAC Control in Buildings
The efficient control of Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) devices in building structures is mandatory for achieving energy savings and comfort. To balance these objectives efficiently, it is essential to incorporate adequate advanced control strategies to adapt to varying environmental conditions and occupant preferences. Model-free control approaches for building HVAC systems have gained significant interest due to their flexibility and ability to adapt to complex, dynamic systems without relying on explicit mathematical models. A comprehensive review of the most impactful research applications of the last years concerning RL, ANNs, FLC, and Hybrid Model-free control applications for HVACs in building structures is given herein. Through a holistic evaluation of multiple research efforts, the primary aim is to identify different trends in Model-free control towards HVACs and moreover, to provide Future directions in the field.
  • 185
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Rooftop Photovoltaic Systems
With rapid technology advancements in renewable energy systems, rooftop photovoltaic (PV) products and systems can be considered a crucial element in the transition toward energy sustainability in residential buildings. Still, residents’ initiatives are required to expand the adoption of clean energy-efficient technology to replace conventional energy systems and thereby achieve a sustainable environment.
  • 191
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Studies of Cultural Ecosystem Services in National Parks
Cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by national parks (NP) have been increasingly recognized and appreciated by the public and researchers. However, they are often under-represented in ecosystem services evaluations due to their intangible nature. As a result, their application in supporting NP conservation and management remains limited. 
  • 233
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Automatic Recognition of 2D Engineering Drawings
In an environment where manufacturing precision requirements are increasing, complete project plans can consist of hundreds of engineering drawings. The presentation of these drawings often varies based on personal preferences, leading to inconsistencies in format and symbols. The lack of standardization in these aspects can result in inconsistent interpretations during subsequent analysis. Therefore, proper annotation of engineering drawings is crucial as it determines product quality, subsequent inspections, and processing costs. To reduce the time and cost associated with interpreting and analyzing drawings, as well as to minimize human errors in judgment, researchers developed an engineering drawing recognition system. Existing 2D engineering drawings serve as the training data, and image segmentation is performed to identify objects such as dimensions, tolerances, functional frames, and geometric symbols in the drawings using the network model. By reading the coordinates corresponding to each object, the correct values are displayed.
  • 250
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
HVAC Data-Driven Maintenance
Buildings’ heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems account for significant global energy use. Proper maintenance can minimize their environmental footprint and enhance the quality of the indoor environment. The adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors integrated into HVAC systems has paved the way for data-driven predictive maintenance (PdM) grounded in real-time operational metrics.
  • 186
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Applications of the Smart Grid Served by 6G
A well-functioning smart grid is an essential part of an efficient and uninterrupted power supply for the key enablers of smart cities. To effectively manage the operations of a smart grid, there is an essential requirement for a seamless wireless communication system that provides high data rates, reliability, flexibility, massive connectivity, low latency, security, and adaptability to changing needs.
  • 326
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fall Detection and Activity Logging Using Motion Classification
The entry presents a novel approach to detect falls in people who use orthopedic walkers, especially in older people and people with limited mobility. Recognizing that walker users may not wear traditional wearable devices, such as bracelets, consistently, the researchers propose connecting an Internet of Things (IoT) device equipped with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensor directly to the walker. This setup aims to provide real-time fall detection and activity logging. To support this system, a data set capturing four distinct activities of walker users was collected and labeled: idle, motion, step, and fall.
  • 230
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Wave Energy Generation in Brazil
Seas and oceans offer great potential as a widely available source of clean and renewable energy near high energy consumption centers. This source of energy is a valuable option in the energy transition and in energy matrix decarbonization. Wave energy and an oscillating water column (OWC) device stand out as the types of ocean energy with the most potential. An onshore OWC requires locations with rocky outcrops and steeper slopes as the device needs to be physically installed and has lower energy dissipation due to friction with the seabed. However, Brazil has approximately 7490 km of coastlines, with various shoreline geometries and geomorphologies, some of which are very suitable for OWC implementation.
  • 267
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Gravity Centre Watchdog Alarm
Gravity centre watchdog alarm, called a GC-WatchdogAlarm, monitors the condition of the press stamping and warns us when a pattern appears that we consider outside the correct working standards. To this end, two restrictions have been defined that must not be complied with: one is that there should be no deviation in the stamping and the second is that there should be no difference between each of the force values for each press position greater than usual. The GC-WatchdogAlarm tool runs every 24 h, analysing all the stamping parts made during a day of production. In the case of finding an anomaly, it generates an alarm that is sent to the maintenance team in order to perform a deep analysis of what happened. This is a good tool to take advantage of when making decisions.
  • 141
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Energy Grid Applications
In the energy usage scenario, the demands on energy load and the tariffs on the usage of electricity are two main areas that require a lot of attention. Energy forecasting is an ideal solution that would help us to better understand future needs and formulate solutions accordingly. Some important factors to investigate are the quantity and quality of smart grids as they are significantly influenced by the transportation, storage, and load management of energy.
  • 269
  • 26 Oct 2023
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