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Topic Review
Unmanned NASA Missions
Following is a sampling of some of NASA's past and present programs excluding manned spacecraft. The years in brackets are for first and latest launching. A program is a number of flights or missions with the same kind of spacecraft, therefore the name of the program and the name of the spacecraft used will often be the same. In all, NASA have made more than 1,000 unmanned missions into Earth orbit or beyond.
  • 1.0K
  • 23 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Ghana’s Potentials in Solar Energy Generation and Development
The future of Ghana’s solar industry seems promising considering the recent add-ons in the sector. Solar has seen various faces of transformation in Ghana, despite major setbacks such as intermittency and volatility. Currently, solar has become the most popular renewable energy source in Ghana and has great viability especially if the future security needs of the country are to be considered. It is undeniable that Ghana’s energy sector has a promising future if favorable policies are carved to promote solar technology. It is also worthy to note that electricity from solar PVs has gained a lot of prominence and attention in various economies across the world partly due to the general drop in the production cost. This has made it relatively competitive to consider against other counterparts such as wind and hydro. Ghana’s solar energy generation potentials are enormous, considering the amount of sunlight received. Governments have kept the drive to improve electrification across the length and breadth of the country which to a large extent, has been successful with about 82.4% of the population having access to electricity. Previously, Ghana was locked in to the use of hydropower for electrification but recent competitive prices in solar PVs have gradually inspired the desire for utility and off-grid solar systems among the general populace. Various data gathered over the past 50 years by Ghana Meteorological Agency (GMA) and other authoritative bodies suggests that the amount of sunshine received in the various regions across the country is more than enough to generate the radiation needed for solar PV’s to function to capacity with a potential error in radiation at +/−5%. The initial increase in solar was a result of various projects pushed across by the Ghana Energy Access and Development Project (GEDAP) funded by a host of donors. Several campaigns have been made to push solar such as the “200 MW Government Goes Solar” by the Energy Commission with the sole aim of distributing free solar panels with up to 500 W capacity to especially off-grid remote communities in 2018. Indeed, it can be said that various solar projects are underway to augment the current energy sources in Ghana especially as the government is determined to uphold the renewable energy target of 10% by the year 2020.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Capacitive Field-Effect Bio-Chemical Sensors
       Electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) field-effect sensors belong to a new generation of electronic chips for biochemical sensing, enabling a direct electronic readout. The review gives an overview on recent advances and current trends in the research and development of chemical sensors and biosensors based on the capacitive field-effect EIS structure—the simplest field-effect device, which represents a biochemically sensitive capacitor. Fundamental concepts, physicochemical phenomena underlying the transduction mechanism and application of capacitive EIS sensors for the detection of pH, ion concentrations, and enzymatic reactions, as well as the label-free detection of charged molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and polyelectrolytes) and nanoparticles, are presented and discussed.
  • 1.0K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Porous Concrete
Alternative materials to replace cement in pavements have recently been widely studied with the purpose of decreasing the environmental impacts that the construction industry generates. In this context, the implementation of sustainable urban drainage systems has grown, especially with porous pavements, with the intention to reduce water and environmental impacts. In the present investigation, the addition of alternative materials to minimize the use of cement in porous concrete pavements is evaluated. Starting from a partial substitution of Portland cement with metakaolin, experimental geopolymer concretes were produced with metakaolin and waste basalt powder according to several dosages. Two sets of mixtures were analyzed to evaluate the Porous Concrete Design (PCD) methodology for porous concrete mixtures with alternative materials. A deep analysis was proposed for the evaluation of the mechanical and volumetric properties of the mixtures. Results demonstrated that replacing 5% of cement with metakaolin can increase both permeability and indirect tensile strength. Geopolymer mixtures can achieve permeability significantly higher than the traditional porous concrete, but this decreases their indirect tensile strength. However, considering the promising results, an adjustment in the mix design of the geopolymer mixtures could increase their mechanical properties without negatively affecting the porosity, making these materials a suitable alternative to traditional porous cement concrete, and a solution to be used in urban pavements.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Design of Gold Nanoparticle Vertical Flow Assays
Vertical flow assays (VFAs) or flow-through assays have emerged as an alternate type of paper-based assay due to their faster detection time, larger sample volume capacity, and significantly higher multiplexing capabilities compared to lateral flow assays (LFAs).  VFA can be used for detecting important biomarkers in diagnostic medicine, particularly when VFA is paired with gold nanoparticle conjugation.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 May 2022
Topic Review
The Heat Rate of Thermal Power Plants
Rapid industrialization and the increased use of consumer electronic goods have increased the demand for energy. To meet the increasing energy demand, global nations are looking for energy from renewable sources rather than non-renewable sources, to adhere with the sustainability principle. As energy from renewable sources is still in the experimental stage, there is a need to use available energy sources optimally.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis of Biomass
Pyrolysis is one of the thermal treatments for biomass wastes that results in the production of liquid, solid and gaseous products. Unfortunately, the complex structure of the biomass materials matrix needs elevated heating to convert these materials into useful products. Microwave heating is a promising alternative to conventional heating approaches. Recently, it has been widely used in pyrolysis due to easy operation and its high heating rate. This review tries to identify the microwave-assisted pyrolysis treatment process fundamentals and discusses various key operating parameters which have an effect on product yield. It was found that several operating parameters govern this process such as microwave power and the degree of temperature, microwave absorber addition and its concentration, initial moisture content, initial sweep gas flow rate/residence time. Moreover, this study highlighted the most attractive products of the microwave pyrolysis process. These products include synthesis gas, bio-char, and bio-oil.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Nuclear Football
The nuclear football (also known as the atomic football, the President's emergency satchel, the Presidential Emergency Satchel, the button, the black box, or just the football) is a briefcase, the contents of which are to be used by the President of the United States to authorize a nuclear attack while away from fixed command centers, such as the White House Situation Room. It functions as a mobile hub in the strategic defense system of the United States . It is held by an aide-de-camp.
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Dust Removal from Solar Panels Without Using Water
Climate change has increased desertification, which has resulted in the spread of dust and sand particles that negatively affect solar panel efficiency. Solar photovoltaic modules can be affected significantly by dust deposition, affecting their efficiency and performance. Using water-based cleaning methods, however, can be costly and harmful to the environment. Through this project, which extends for a number of years, we are looking for innovative, effective, economical, and sustainable methods that do not depend on water resources for cleaning solar panels. Electrostatic technologies are primarily tested in this project to repel dust particles from the surface of solar panels using electrical charges. Electric charges are created on the panel surface, repelling dust particles and causing them to fall off. In addition to removing dust from solar panels, this method also reduces the need for water-based cleaners.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 May 2023
Biography
Neel Kashkari
Neel Tushar Kashkari[1] (born July 30, 1973) is an United States banker and politician who is President of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. As interim Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Financial Stability from October 2008 to May 2009, he oversaw the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) that was a major component of the U.S. government's response to the financial crisis of 2007–0
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Dec 2022
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