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Topic Review
Automotive Chassis Control Technology
Automotive chassis control technology plays a crucial role in ensuring the stability, performance, and safety of vehicles. This paper reviews and discusses automotive steering/braking/driving/suspension systems from perspectives of system composition, the state of the art, and key technologies. Detailed analysis is conducted on critical techniques related to system fault tolerance, road feel feedback, brake force distribution strategy, electric motors, and motor controllers.The development and application of automotive chassis control technology is in line with the goals and objectives for the advancement of the automotive industry in terms of innovation, safety, and environmental sustainability.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Transport Membrane Condenser Heat Exchangers
The transport membrane condensers (TMC) process can be considered as a hybrid of a heat exchanger and membrane condensers. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Wastewater Treatment by Catalytic Wet Peroxidation
Nowadays, there is an increasing interest in the development of promising, efficient, and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technologies. Among them are the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), in particular, catalytic wet peroxidation (CWPO), assisted or not by radiation. One of the challenges for the industrial application of this process is the development of stable and efficient catalysts, without leaching of the metal to the aqueous phase during the treatment. Gold catalysts, in particular, have attracted much attention from researchers because they show these characteristics. Recently, numerous studies have been reported in the literature regarding the preparation of gold catalysts supported on various supports and testing their catalytic performance in the treatment of real wastewaters or model pollutants by CWPO. This review summarizes this research; the properties of such catalysts and their expected effects on the overall efficiency of the CWPO process, together with a description of the effect of operational variables (such as pH, temperature, oxidant concentration, catalyst, and gold content). In addition, an overview is given of the main technical issues of this process aiming at its industrial application, namely the possibility of using the catalyst in continuous flow reactors. Such considerations will provide useful information for a faster and more effective analysis and optimization of the CWPO process.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 May 2020
Topic Review
Braid Hollow Fiber Membranes
Hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) are a good candidate for the membrane separation process due to desirable properties such as high permeability and surface area, good filtration efficiency, small footprint, etc. However, they are often possible to break during the high-pressure cleaning and aeration process. Tubular braids a supported is proposed to improve the mechanical strength of HFMs due to high tensile strength.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Mechanical Properties of FDM
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) uses thermoplastic materials to print parts layer by layer. Usually, a (or several) continuous filament made of thermoplastic polymer is heated to the point of viscous state and extruded layer by layer on a platform to build the part. The thermo-plasticity properties of the material assist the fusing of layers together as well as the solidification process while the temperature is decreasing. Bonding between the layers will be generated due to the interaction of the molecules when one layer stays in a molten state and bound to the solid layer while solidifying. However, voids might appear between the layers due to the fast freezing of molten fibers or the lack of overlap between the extruded material and the solidified material. Therefore, these bonds exhibit mechanical properties unlike those created by the conventional manufacturing process and therefore it is difficult to predict the mechanical properties of FDM printed parts.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Macchi C.205
The Macchi C.205 Veltro (Italian: Greyhound) (also known as MC.205, "MC" standing for "Macchi Castoldi") was an Italian World War II fighter aircraft built by the Aeronautica Macchi. Along with the Reggiane Re.2005 and Fiat G.55, the Macchi C.205 was one of the three "Serie 5" Italian fighters built around the powerful Daimler-Benz DB 605 engine. The C.205 was a development of the earlier C.202 Folgore. With a top speed of some 640 km/h (400 mph) and equipped with a pair of 20 mm cannon as well as 12.7 mm Breda machine guns, the Macchi C.205 Veltro was highly respected by Allied and Axis pilots alike. Widely regarded as one of the best Italian aircraft of World War II, it proved to be extremely effective, destroying a large number of Allied bombers. The Macchi C. 205 proved capable of meeting fighters such as the North American P-51D Mustang on equal terms, which encouraged the Luftwaffe to use a number of these aircraft to equip one Gruppe. While the C.205 was able to match the best Allied opponents in speed and manoeuvrability, it was introduced late in the conflict. Due to the limitations of the Italian war economy, only a small production run was delivered before the end of the war. Like the Spitfire, the Veltro was tricky in its construction and slow to build. Italy's highest scoring ace, Adriano Visconti, achieved 11 of his 26 credited victories in the few weeks he was able to fly the Veltro, with the top scoring Sergente Maggiore pilota Luigi Gorrini shooting down 14 enemy aircraft plus six damaged with the C.205.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Savoia-Marchetti SM.79
The Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero (Italian for sparrowhawk) was a three-engined Italian medium bomber developed and manufactured by aviation company Savoia-Marchetti. It could be the best-known Italian aeroplane of the Second World War. The SM.79 was easily recognizable due to its distinctive fuselage dorsal "hump", and was reportedly well liked by its crews, who nicknamed it il gobbo maledetto ("damned hunchback"). The SM.79 had been originally developed during the early 1930s as a cantilever low-wing monoplane employing a combined wood-and-metal structure. It had been designed with the initial intention of producing a swift eight-passenger transport aircraft, capable of besting even the fastest of its contemporaries at that time, however, the project quickly attracted the attention of the Italian government for its potential as an armed combat aircraft. Performing its first flight on 28 September 1934; between 1937 and 1939, early examples of the type established 26 separate world records, qualifying it for some time as being the fastest medium bomber in the world. As such, the SM.79 quickly became regarded as an item of national prestige in Fascist Italy, attracting significant government support and often being deployed as an element of state propaganda. Early on, the aircraft was routinely entered into competitive fly-offs and air races, seeking to capitalise on its advantages, and often emerged victorious in such contests. The SM.79 first saw combat during the Spanish Civil War; in this theatre, it operated without fighter escorts, normally relying on its relatively high speed to evade interception instead. While some issues were identified, and in some cases resolved, the SM.79's performance during the Spanish deployment was encouraging and stimulated demand for the type, including a decision to adopt it as the backbone of Italy's bomber units. Both Yugoslavia and Romania opted to procure the type for their own air services, while large numbers were also procured for the Regia Aeronautica. Almost 600 SM.79-I and –II aircraft were in service when Italy entered the Second World War during May 1940; thereafter, these aircraft were deployed across every theatre of war in which the Italians fought. The SM.79 was operated in various different capacities during the Second World War; initially, the type was used as a transport aircraft and medium bomber. Following pioneering work by the "Special Aerotorpedoes Unit", Italy put the type to work as a torpedo bomber; in this role, the SM.79 achieved notable successes against Allied shipping, particularly in the Mediterranean theater. A specialised drone version of the aircraft, flown by remote control was also developed, although the Armistice with Italy was enacted prior to any operational deployment. It was the most numerous Italian bomber of the Second World War, around some 1,300 aircraft were constructed. The type would remain in Italian service until 1952.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PRISMA Statement
The bioethanol sector is an extremely complex set of actors, technologies and market structures, influenced simultaneously by di erent natural, economic, social and political processes. That is why it lends itself to the application of system dynamics modelling. In last five years a relatively high level of experience and knowledge has accumulated related to the application of computer-aided system modelling for the analysis and forecasting of the bioethanol sector. The goal of the current paper is to o er a systematic review of the application of system dynamics models in order to better understand the structure, conduct and performance of the bioethanol sector. Our method has been the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), based on English-language materials published between 2015 and 2020. The results highlight that system dynamic models have become more and more complex, but as a consequence of the improvement in information technology and statistical systems, as well as the increasing experience gained they o er an ecient tool for decision makers in the business and political spheres. In the future, the combination of traditional system dynamics modelling and agent-based models will o er new perspectives for the preparation of more sophisticated description and forecasting.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Indoor Thermal Comfort
A neutral or comfortable environment is an environment that allows metabolic heat production to be balanced with heat exchange (loss and/or gain) from the air around the worker. Outside this situation of balance, there may be adverse situations in which the exchange of heat energy constitutes a risk to the person’s health, since even taking into account the body’s thermoregulation mechanisms, they cannot maintain a constant and adequate internal temperature. Even though the milder climate scenario and constant evolution of thermal building regulation are in light of European initiatives, in Portugal, there are few houses where occupants can remain all the time in perfectly comfortable temperature conditions without resorting to heating or cooling. According to the Long Term Strategy for the Renewal of Buildings (ELPRE), this results from the combination of several factors, namely, low energy use for air conditioning compared to energy needs and aged building stock with poor energy performance. In fact, around 70% of the dwellings currently certified have low energy efficiency (C or less).
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Digital Twin Technologies for Turbomachinery
Turbomachinery from a life cycle perspective involves sustainability-oriented development activities such as design, production, and operation. Digital Twin is a technology with great potential for improving turbomachinery, which has a high volume of investment and a long lifespan. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Mar 2021
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