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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Machine Learning for Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing (AM) is the name given to a family of manufacturing processes where materials are joined to make parts from 3D modelling data, generally in a layer-upon-layer manner. AM is rapidly increasing in industrial adoption for the manufacture of end-use parts, which is therefore pushing for the maturation of design, process, and production techniques. Machine learning (ML) is a branch of artificial intelligence concerned with training programs to self-improve and has applications in a wide range of areas, such as computer vision, prediction, and information retrieval. Many of the problems facing AM can be categorised into one or more of these application areas. Studies have shown ML techniques to be effective in improving AM design, process, and production but there are limited industrial case studies to support further development of these techniques.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
A vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWT) is a type of wind turbine where the main rotor shaft is set transverse to the wind (but not necessarily vertically) while the main components are located at the base of the turbine. This arrangement allows the generator and gearbox to be located close to the ground, facilitating service and repair. VAWTs do not need to be pointed into the wind, which removes the need for wind-sensing and orientation mechanisms. Major drawbacks for the early designs (Savonius, Darrieus and giromill) included the significant torque variation or "ripple" during each revolution, and the large bending moments on the blades. Later designs addressed the torque ripple issue by sweeping the blades helically (Gorlov type). A vertical axis wind turbine has its axis perpendicular to the wind streamlines and vertical to the ground. A more general term that includes this option is "transverse axis wind turbine" or "cross-flow wind turbine." For example, the original Darrieus patent, US Patent 1835018, includes both options. Drag-type VAWTs such as the Savonius rotor typically operate at lower tipspeed ratios than lift-based VAWTs such as Darrieus rotors and cycloturbines.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Satellite Geodesy
Satellite geodesy is geodesy by means of artificial satellites — the measurement of the form and dimensions of Earth, the location of objects on its surface and the figure of the Earth's gravity field by means of artificial satellite techniques. It belongs to the broader field of space geodesy. Traditional astronomical geodesy is not commonly considered a part of satellite geodesy, although there is considerable overlap between the techniques. The main goals of satellite geodesy are: Satellite geodetic data and methods can be applied to diverse fields such as navigation, hydrography, oceanography and geophysics. Satellite geodesy relies heavily on orbital mechanics.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pressure Wave Supercharger
One main direction in improving the efficiency of an internal combustion engine, together with lowering the emissions, is supercharging, i.e., creating a considerable amount of boost for the inlet combustion air. Turbochargers are the most commonly used for this task, but another advantageous alternative exploiting the energy within exhaust gases is the pressure wave supercharger (PWS).
  • 1.7K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Load Forecasting Models in Smart Grid
The smart grid concept is introduced to accelerate operational efficiency and enhance the reliability and sustainability of the power supply. The load forecasting technique involves estimating future loads using historical and present data. In a smart grid, the forecasting of loads is done by considering the power consumption by users and the power produced by all types of generations (renewable and non-renewable) with the help of smart energy meters.
  • 1.7K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
SiC Trench MOSFETs’ Reliability under Short-Circuit Conditions
MOSFETs exhibit different failure modes at different DC bus voltages.  For double trench SiC MOSFETs, the failure modes are gate fault at lower DC bus voltage and thermal runaway at higher DC bus voltage, while the failure modes for asymmetric trench SiC MOSFETs are soft failure and thermal runaway, respectively.  The short-circuit withstand time (SCWT) of the asymmetric trench MOSFET is higher than that of the double trench MOSFET.  The thermal and mechanical stresses inside the device during short-circuit test are simulated to explore the failure mechanism and reveal the impact of device structure on device reliability.  Finally, a post-failure analysis was performed to verify the root cause of the equipment failure.  
  • 1.7K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ruby Pistol
The self-loading Ruby pistol is best known as a French World War I sidearm, the Pistolet Automatique de 7 millim.65 genre "Ruby". A very international piece of weaponry, it was closely modeled after John Browning's M1903 design produced by the Belgian Fabrique Nationale de Herstal, and was produced by over 50 Spanish companies, but primarily by the Spanish Gabilondo y Urresti firm (the official "Gabilondo Ruby"). It was decommissioned in 1958, more than a decade after World War II was brought to an end, and was subsequently replaced.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Abnormal Operating Conditions of Oil-Immersed Large Power Transformers
Large power transformers (LPT) are custom-built pieces of equipment that are crucial links to the bulk transmission grid. Usually, they link a generator-transmission line and/or linking lines of different voltages. It is essential for large power transformers to understand which condition of their components indicates an abnormal operation.
  • 1.7K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Knowledge Integration in Smart Factories
Knowledge integration is well explained by the human–organization–technology (HOT) approach known from knowledge management. This approach contains the horizontal and vertical interaction and communication between employees, human-to-machine, but also machine-to-machine. Different organizational structures and processes are supported with the help of appropriate technologies and suitable data processing and integration techniques. In a Smart Factory, manufacturing systems act largely autonomously on the basis of continuously collected data. The technical design concerns the networking of machines, their connectivity and the interaction between human and machine as well as machine-to-machine. Within a Smart Factory, machines can be considered as intelligent manufacturing systems. Such manufacturing systems can autonomously adapt to events through the ability to intelligently analyze data and act as adaptive manufacturing systems that consider changes in production, the supply chain and customer requirements. Inter-connected physical devices, sensors, actuators, and controllers form the building block of the Smart Factory, which is called the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT uses different data processing solutions, such as cloud computing, fog computing, or edge computing, to fuse and process data. This is accomplished in an integrated and cross-device manner.
  • 1.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Trends of Current LNG Cold Energy Utilization
Liquified natural gas (LNG) is a clean primary energy source that is growing in popularity due to the distance between natural gas (NG)-producing countries and importing countries. The large amount of cold energy stored in LNG presents an opportunity for sustainable technologies to recover and utilize this energy. This can enhance the energy efficiency of LNG regasification terminals and the economic viability of the LNG supply chain. The energy stored in LNG in the form of low temperatures is referred to as cold energy. When LNG is regasified, or converted back into its gaseous form, this cold energy is released. This process involves heating the LNG, which causes it to vaporize and release its stored energy. LNG cold energy has been mostly utilized for power generation, air separation, traditional desalination, and cryogenics carbon dioxide capture. Other potential applications are also emerging such as for data center cooling and cold energy storage. The commercialization of sustainable technologies, such as improvement strategies for LNG cold energy utilization, is becoming increasingly important in the energy industry.
  • 1.7K
  • 20 Feb 2023
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