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Topic Review
Glutathione in the Brain
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-protein thiol, and plays crucial roles in the antioxidant defense system and the maintenance of redox homeostasis in neurons.
  • 727
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
Gluten free diet
The aim of this entry was to assess the effects of a gluten free diet (GFD) in the management of epilepsy in people with coeliac disease (CD) or gluten sensitivity (GS). A systematic approach was used to undertake a literature review. Five electronic databases (PubMed; Scopus; Google Scholar; Cochrane Epilepsy Group specialised register; Cochrane Register of Controlled Trails (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Online Trials) were searched using predetermined relevant search terms. In total, 668 articles were identified. Duplicates were removed and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and a PRISMA flow chart was produced. Data was extracted using Covidence software. Twelve studies on Epilepsy and CD involving a total of 70 participants were selected for analysis; narrative synthesis was used owing to the small sample sizes in the selected studies. None of the 12 studies meeting inclusion criteria investigated gluten sensitivity and epilepsy. All the included studies support a link between epilepsy and CD. GFD was effective in 44 out of 70 participants across the studies in terms of a reduction of seizures, reduction of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) or normalisation of EEG pattern. A total of 44 participants showed a reduction in seizures (across eight studies) and complete cessation of seizures was reported in 22 participants. In general, the earlier the GFD is implemented after the onset of seizures, the better the likelihood of the GFD being successful in supporting control of seizures. Mechanisms linking gluten with epilepsy are not fully understood; possible hypotheses include gluten mediated toxicity, immune-induced cortical damage and malabsorption. Evidence suggests the effectiveness of a GFD in supporting the management of epilepsy in patients with CD, although the quality of evidence is low. There appears to be a growing number of neurologists who are prepared to advocate the use of a GFD. A multidisciplinary approaches and further research are recommended. It could be argued that when balancing potential treatments such as AEDs or surgery, a GFD has a low likelihood of harm.
  • 434
  • 25 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Glycemic Control
Experimental evidence suggests that cadmium (Cd) boosts oxidative stress that may result in toxicity on the endocrine system also in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate the glycemic control and oxidative stress markers in male adolescents with increased urinary levels of cadmium. We investigated 111 males, aged 12–14 years, living in a polluted area of Sicily and a control age-matched population (n = 60) living 28–45 km far from the polluted site. Malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant activity (TAC), metallothionein-1A (MT-1A) gene expression, insulin resistance by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR), and urinary cadmium were investigated. Cd levels were significantly higher in adolescents living in the polluted area than in control age-matched subjects. Adolescents with elevated Cd levels had a significant increase in MDA, MT-1A, and HOMA-IR and reduced TAC compared to the control group. A robust correlation was found between urinary cadmium and MT-1A, HOMA-IR, and MDA whereas an inverse correlation was identified between urinary cadmium and TAC. This study indicates that cadmium burden alters glycemic control in adolescents and suggests that oxidative stress plays a key role in cadmium-induced insulin resistance, increasing the risk of developing metabolic disorders.
  • 807
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Gold-based anticancer delivery systems
The structures of these gold derivatives (i.e. gold nanoparticles, gold (I)/(III) complexes and carbene-based gold complexes) were synthesized to evaluate the influence of  increased activity and/or selectivity on their pharmacological effects.
  • 699
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Golimumab Therapy for the Treatment of Psoriatic Arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis is a chronic debilitating autoimmune condition, and when diagnosed in patients before the age of eighteen, it is considered pediatric polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is an umbrella term used to describe different inflammatory arthropathies that are diagnosed in children under the age of sixteen with symptoms lasting at least six weeks. Psoriatic arthritis differs from other arthropathies, particularly in its cutaneous involvement. The disease can be monoarticular or polyarticular, but a few distinguishing characteristics include radiographic findings of the “pencil-in-cup deformity” and scaly, white skin lesions that often bleed when scratched.
  • 293
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
GPR21 Inhibition
GPR21 is a constitutively active, orphan, Gq-protein-coupled receptor, with in vivo studies suggesting its involvement in the insulin resistance development.
  • 601
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Grimelysin and Protealysin
The entry reviews the discovery, properties, and functional activities of new bacterial enzymes, proteases grimelysin (ECP 32) of Serratia grimesii and protealysin of Serratia proteamaculans, characterized by both a highly specific “actinase” activity and their ability to stimulate bacterial invasion. Grimelysin cleaves the only one polypeptide bond Gly42-Val43 in actin. This bond is not cleaved by any other proteases and leads to a reversible loss of actin polymerization. Similar properties were characteristic for another bacterial protease, protealysin. These properties made grimelysin and protealysin a unique tool to study the functional properties of actin. Furthermore, bacteria Serratia spp. producing grimelysin/protealysin invade eukaryotic cells, and the recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the grimelysin or protealysins gene become invasive. Being an intracellular enzyme, grimelysin/protealysin can be delivered by bacteria to eukaryotic cells. These data indicate that the protease is a virulence factor, and actin can be a target for the protease upon its translocation into the host cell.
  • 586
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gut Microbiome, Metformin Treating T2DM
Metformin is the first-line pharmacotherapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM); however, its mechanism of modulating glucose metabolism is elusive. Recent advances have identified the gut as a potential target of metformin. As patients with metabolic disorders exhibit dysbiosis, the gut microbiome has garnered interest as a potential target for metabolic disease. Henceforth, studies have focused on unraveling the relationship of metabolic disorders with the human gut microbiome. 
  • 591
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota
A disturbed interaction between the gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system plays a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
  • 683
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Changes
Intestinal microbiota have a series of beneficial effects on the normal development of the human organism, but disturbing the homeostasis between the gut bacteria and the immune response can lead to inflammatory changes.
  • 392
  • 30 Jun 2021
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