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Topic Review
Molecules for Glioblastoma Therapy
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly malignant primary brain tumor. The current standard of care for GBM is the Stupp protocol which includes surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy concomitant with the DNA alkylator temozolomide; however, survival under this treatment regimen is an abysmal 12–18 months. New and emerging treatments include the application of a physical device, non-invasive ‘tumor treating fields’ (TTFs), including its concomitant use with standard of care; and varied vaccines and immunotherapeutics being trialed. Some of these approaches have extended life by a few months over standard of care, but in some cases are only available for a minority of GBM patients. Extensive activity is also underway to repurpose and reposition therapeutics for GBM, either alone or in combination with the standard of care. 
  • 371
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Hemorphins
Hemorphins are endogenous peptides that are also known as “non-classical” or “atypical” opioid peptides. They are produced under physiologicalor pathological(inflammation) states by hemoglobin proteolysis. They can be released from almost any of the hemoglobin chains (beta-, kappa-, delta-, or epsilon-chain) except the alpha chain.
  • 371
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
HSP Injection Therapies in Stroke
Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) is one of the most debilitating complications after stroke [1]. Hemiplegic shoulder pain (HSP) hampers post-stroke functional recovery and is not well managed with conservative treatments.
  • 371
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Transformation  of the Role of the Pharmacist
Pharmacy emerged as an identifiable profession emanating from a nebulous background in which various actors delved in medicinal science and other aspects of healthcare. The profession of the pharmacist as a dispenser of medicines is expanding. The pharmacist’s activities are also progressing into new healthcare fields. 
  • 371
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2
Being a controller of cytoprotective actions, inflammation, and mitochondrial function through participating in the regulation of multiple genes in response to stress-inducing endogenous or exogenous stressors, the transcription factor Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 (NRF2) is considered the main cellular defense mechanism to maintain redox balance at cellular and tissue level. While a transient activation of NRF2 protects normal cells under oxidative stress, the hyperactivation of NRF2 in cancer cells may help them to survive and to adapt under oxidative stress. This can be detrimental and related to cancer progression and chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, inhibition of NRF2 activity may be an effective approach for sensitizing cancer cells to anticancer therapy.
  • 371
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Physicochemical Characterization of Aluminum Adjuvants
Aluminum-based adjuvants will continue to be a key component of currently approved and next generation vaccines. Their large adsorptive capacity allows the combination with other immunostimulatory molecules to create a toolbox of adjuvants for selective vaccine applications. The widespread use of aluminum adjuvants is due to their excellent safety profile, which has been established through the use of hundreds of millions of doses in humans over many years, low cost, and extensive experience with licensure through regulatory agencies.
  • 372
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Factors Associated with Cancer Metastasis
There are many factors related to cancer metastasis, including angiogenesis, epithelial mesenchymal transition, cancer stem cells, tumor microenvironment, inflammation, genetic and epigenetic factors and extracellular vehicles.
  • 370
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Cooperation between Aquaporin 5 and TRPV4
Aquaporins—among them, AQP5—are responsible for transporting water across biological membranes, which is an important process in all living organisms. The transient receptor potential channel 4 (TRPV4) is a cation channel that is mostly calcium-permeable and can also be activated by osmotic stimuli. It plays a role in a number of different functions in the body, e.g., the development of bones and cartilage, and it is involved in the body’s osmoregulation, the generation of certain types of sensation (pain), and apoptosis. Earlier studies on the uterus and the literature data aroused the interest in the physiological role of the cooperation of AQP5 and TRPV4. Understanding the cooperation between AQP5 and TRPV4 may contribute to the development of new drug candidates and the therapy of several disorders (e.g., preterm birth, cataract, ischemia/reperfusion-induced edema, exercise- or cold-induced asthma).
  • 369
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Natural Polymer Nanofibrous Scaffold
Nanofibrous scaffolds mimicking artificial extracellular matrices provide a natural environment for tissue regeneration owing to their large surface area, high porosity, and appreciable drug loading capacity. Electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds have demonstrated promising potential in bone tissue regeneration using a variety of nanomaterials. Natural and synthetic polymeric nanofibrous scaffolds are extensively inspected to regenerate bone tissue. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) procedures make usage of various scaffolds (e.g., composite scaffolds, nanofibrous scaffolds, porous scaffolds, hydrogel scaffolds) in conjunction with biological materials.
  • 368
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Potential of Serotonin Type 7 Receptor Modulation
Although a number of mood-stabilising atypical antipsychotics and antidepressants modulate serotonin type 7 receptor (5-HT7), the detailed contributions of 5-HT7 function to clinical efficacy and pathophysiology have not been fully understood. The mood-stabilising antipsychotic agent, lurasidone, and the serotonin partial agonist reuptake inhibitor, vortioxetine, exhibit higher binding affinity to 5-HT7 than other conventional antipsychotics and antidepressants. The initially expected rapid onset of antidepressant effects—in comparison with conventional antidepressants or mood-stabilising antipsychotics—due to 5-HT7 inhibition has not been observed with lurasidone and vortioxetine; however, several clinical studies suggest that 5-HT7 inhibition likely contributes to quality of life of patients with schizophrenia and mood disorders via the improvement of cognition. Furthermore, it reported that 5-HT7 inhibition might mitigate antipsychotic-induced weight gain and metabolic complication by blocking other monoamine receptors. Further preclinical studies for the development of 5-HT7 modulation against neurodevelopmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases have been ongoing. Various findings from various preclinical studies indicate the possibility that 5-HT7 modifications can provide two independent strategies. The first is that 5-HT7 inhibition ameliorates the dysfunction of inter-neuronal transmission in mature networks. The other is that activation of 5-HT7 can improve transmission dysfunction due to microstructure abnormality in the neurotransmission network—which could be unaffected by conventional therapeutic agents—via modulating intracellular signalling during the neurodevelopmental stage or via loss of neural networks with aging.
  • 369
  • 24 Mar 2023
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