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Topic Review
Natural Compounds with Antioxidant in Maintaining Eye Health
An antioxidant compound can be defined as a substance that can delay or prevent oxidation. The body uses different strategies against the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS): firstly, antioxidant enzymes are used, as already reported, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px). It is important to remember that some antioxidant enzymes need micronutrients to function properly, such as zinc, selenium, copper and manganese. Secondly, ROS can be reduced or neutralized by the intake of antioxidant nutrients, such as vitamin E (a-tocopherol), beta-carotene, and vitamin C, among others. An insufficient intake of foods with antioxidant function or an unbalanced diet can alter the body’s natural antioxidant system and facilitate the damage induced by ROS. Additional defense mechanisms include antioxidant compounds, such as metallothionein, melanin, and glutathione. Eye health is crucial, and the onset of diseases can reduce vision and affect the quality of life of patients. Evidence has accumulated that polyphenols (mostly deriving from Citrus Bergamia) represent a reliable source of antioxidants able to counteract oxidative stress accompanying early stages of eye diseases. Luteolin in particular has been found to protect photoreceptors, thereby improving vision in many disease states. Moreover, a consistent anti-inflammatory response was found to occur when curcumin is used alone or in combination with other nutraceuticals. Additionally, Coenzyme Q10 has been demonstrated to produce a consistent effect in reducing ocular pressure, thereby leading to protection in patients undergoing glaucoma. Both grape seed extract, rich in anthocyanosides, and polynsatured fatty acids seem to contribute to the prevention of retinal disorders. A combination of nutraceuticals and antioxidants may represent the right solution for a multi-action activity in eye protection.
  • 543
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Circadian Clock to Skin /Cancer
Over the years, the circadian regulation of drug metabolism and processing has been employed in the treatment of a range of disease states, including diabetes, hypertension, peptic ulcers, and allergic rhinitis . There is also interest in using chronotherapeutic approaches for skin disease, including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis . Although time-dictated drug administration had been demonstrated many decades ago, its application in cancer treatment was limited due to insufficient mechanistic data supporting experimental results and inconsistency among clinical trials.
  • 543
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Novel Pyridothienopyrimidine Derivatives
The growing risk of antimicrobial resistance besides the continuous increase in the number of cancer patients represents a great threat to global health, which requires intensified efforts to discover new bioactive compounds to use as antimicrobial and anticancer agents. Thus, a new set of pyridothienopyrimidine derivatives 2a,b–9a,b was synthesized via cyclization reactions of 3-amino-thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamides 1a,b with different reagents. All new compounds were evaluated against five bacterial and five fungal strains. Many of the target compounds showed significant antimicrobial activity. In addition, the new derivatives were further subjected to cytotoxicity evaluation against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. The most potent cytotoxic candidates (3a, 4a, 5a, 6b, 8b and 9b) were examined as EGFR kinase inhibitors. 
  • 543
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Ethanol versus Adenosine on Emotional and Cognitive Disturbances
Binge drinking intake is the most common pattern of ethanol consumption by adolescents, which elicits emotional disturbances, mainly anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as cognitive alterations. Ethanol exposure may act on the adenosine neuromodulation system by increasing adenosine levels, consequently increasing the activation of adenosine receptors in the brain. The adenosine modulation system is involved in the control of mood and memory behavior.
  • 543
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Liposomal Amphotericin B for Treatment of Leishmaniasis
The liposomal amphotericin B (AmB) formulation, AmBisome®, still represents the best therapeutic option for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. However, the need for parenteral administration, its side effects and high cost significantly limit its use in developing countries. The recent advances in the development of topical and oral formulations of liposomal AmB are presented, in addition to the current knowledge on the physicochemical and pharmacological features of AmB.
  • 543
  • 24 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Investigational Polymeric Microparticles for Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive destruction of dopaminergic tissue in the central nervous system (CNS). There is no cure for the disease, with pharmacological treatments aimed at controlling the symptoms. Therefore, there is an unmet need for new treatments for PD. In addition to new therapeutic options, there exists the need for improved efficiency of the existing ones, as many agents have difficulties in crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) to achieve therapeutic levels in the CNS or exhibit inappropriate pharmacokinetic profiles, thereby limiting their clinical benefits. To overcome these limitations, an interesting approach is the use of drug delivery systems, such as polymeric microparticles (MPs) that allow for the controlled release of the active ingredients targeting to the desired site of action, increasing the bioavailability and efficacy of treatments, as well as reducing the number of administrations and adverse effects.
  • 543
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Nanotheranostics for Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis refers to the pathophysiological conditions where the medium and large arteries are significantly affected due to spatial deposition of various materials such as lipoproteins (particularly cholesterol), immune cells (circulating monocytes), proinflammatory factors (i.e., macrophages and T-cells), degraded extracellular matrix components and necrotic products. Atherosclerosis is considered to be the primary cause of chronic CVDs, including coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis is characterized by a series of physiological events, including endothelial dysfunction, inflammatory responses, cell proliferation, lipoprotein deposition, vascular remodeling, and finally, plaque formation.
  • 542
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Mexican Medicinal Plants
Some natural compounds belonging to the group of Mexican medicinal plants or “Mexican folk medicine”are  used for pain management in Mexico.
  • 542
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
RNA-Dependent RNA-Polymerase (RdRp)
RdRp is an attractive target for developing therapies for COVID-19 as it plays a crucial role in the replication of SARS-CoV-2 (Scheme 1) and is well conserved between coronaviruses (RNA viruses).
  • 542
  • 09 Oct 2021
Topic Review
κ-Opioid Receptor Agonists
The κ-opioid receptor (KOR) belongs to the class of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), widely expressed throughout the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Due to the implications of KOR activation, KOR agonists have attracted recent attention for their ability to produce analgesia without the harmful side effects typically associated with MOR activation. In addition, KOR agonists show the potential for the treatment of pruritis, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, immune mediated diseases such as osteoarthritis, atopic dermatitis, food allergy, gastrointestinal diseases, cancer, hypoxia and ischemia.
  • 540
  • 20 Feb 2023
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