Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Gene Therapies and Wet  Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatment
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease and the most common cause of vision loss in the Western World. In its advanced stage, AMD occurs in two clinically distinguished forms, dry and wet, but only wet AMD is treatable. However, the treatment based on repeated injections with vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) antagonists may at best stop the disease progression and prevent or delay vision loss but without an improvement of visual dysfunction. Moreover, it is a serious mental and financial burden for patients and may be linked with some complications. 
  • 66
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Ocular Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune systemic disorder of the connective tissue that does not affect only one certain organ but has a diversified effect all over the body. The etiology of SLE is may be idiopathic, genetic, hormonal, or environmental. The diagnosis of SLE is difficult and requires a series of tests and findings which can be systemic or ocular. Approximately one-third of those diagnosed with SLE experience ocular manifestations that range from mild to severe sight-threatening conditions. Ocular manifestations of SLE include keratoconjunctivitis sicca, uveitis, and posterior segment pathologic signs.
  • 95
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Posterior Polar Annular Choroidal Dystrophy
Posterior polar annular choroidal dystrophy (PPACD) is a rare ocular disorder and presents as symmetric degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the underlying choriocapillaris, encircling the retinal vascular arcades and optic disc. This condition distinctively preserves the foveal region, optic disc, and the outermost regions of the retina. Despite its distinct clinical presentation, due to the infrequency of its occurrence and the limited number of reported cases, the pathophysiology, and the genetic foundations of PPACD are still largely uncharted.
  • 79
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress Implications for Retinal Diseases
Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of various retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
  • 76
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Family Members in Diabetic Keratopathy
Diabetic keratopathy (DK) is a common ocular complication of diabetes, characterized by alteration of the normal wound-healing mechanism, reduction of epithelial hemidesmosomes, disruption of the basement membrane, impaired barrier function, reduced corneal sensitivity, corneal ulcers, and corneal edema.
  • 69
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Biology of Uveal Melanoma
Uveal melanoma arises from the pigment-producing cells in the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Its annual incidence is estimated to be around 5–6 cases per million people, but is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. 
  • 153
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Advances in Diagnosis Approaches in Fungal Keratitis
Fungal keratitis represents a potentially sight-threatening infection associated with poor prognosis, as well as financial burden. Novel diagnostic methods include polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR)-based approaches, metagenomic deep sequences, in vivo confocal microscopy, and antifungal susceptibility testing. The ideal therapeutic approaches and outcomes have been widely discussed, with early therapy being of the utmost importance for the preservation of visual acuity, minimizing corneal damage and reducing the scar size. However, combination therapy can be more efficacious compared to monotherapy. Understanding the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and prevention strategies can be of great importance. 
  • 69
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Ocular Side Effects of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
In the diverse arsenal of therapeutic tools against cancer, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have emerged as a new beacon of hope. By inhibiting the immune response’s “OFF” signal, ICIs activate the body’s immune system to attack cancerous growths. Eight immune checkpoint inhibitors have been approved by the FDA for their proven efficacy against multiple cancer types. Per their mechanism of action, ICIs produce a series of well-documented side effects secondary to the induction of immune activation commonly referred to as “immune-related adverse events” (IRAEs). These can affect any organ system, including the eye. Although rare, ocular IRAEs can have debilitating effects on patients’ quality of life and be sight-threatening.
  • 61
  • 17 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a proliferative vascular ailment affecting the retina. It is the main risk factor for visual impairment and blindness in infants and young children worldwide. If left undiagnosed and untreated, it can progress to retinal detachment and severe visual impairment. Geographical variations in ROP epidemiology have emerged over recent decades, attributable to differing levels of care provided to preterm infants across countries and regions. 
  • 145
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
3D Printing in Ophthalmology
Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a process in which materials are added together in a layer-by-layer manner to construct customized products. Many different techniques of 3D printing exist, which vary in materials used, cost, advantages, and drawbacks. Medicine is increasingly benefiting from this transformative technology, and the field of ophthalmology is no exception. The possible 3D printing applications in eyecare are vast and have been explored in the literature, such as 3D-printed ocular prosthetics, orbital implants, educational and anatomical models, as well as surgical planning and training. 
  • 107
  • 01 Feb 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 31
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback