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Topic Review
Role of Interleukins in Hepatitis B Virus Infection
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide medical issue with significant morbidity and mortality, as it is the main cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Both innate and adaptive immune responses play a key role in HBV replication and suppression. The pathophysiological function of interleukins (IL) in the natural course of HBV has gained much attention as a result of the broad use of anti-interleukin agents for a variety of autoimmune diseases and the accompanying risk of HBV reactivation.
  • 324
  • 05 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Diabetes Mellitus and Gut Microbiota
The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem consisting of bacteria, fungi, archaea, and viruses living in symbiosis with the human organism. This collection of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes that colonize the digestive system has developed this fascinating symbiotic relationship with its host over thousands of years, characterized by a complex mutually beneficial interaction.
  • 323
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Screening for NAFLD in the Outpatient Pharmacy
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) stands as an increasingly pressing global health challenge, underscoring the need for timely identification to facilitate effective treatment and prevent the progression of chronic liver disorders. Given the projected scarcity of specialized healthcare professionals, particularly hepatologists and gastroenterologists, the role of pharmacists emerges as pivotal in NAFLD management. 
  • 323
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Methionine Restriction in Gastric Cancer
Gastric cancer is ranked as the fifth most prevalent cancer globally and has long been a topic of passionate discussion among numerous individuals. However, the incidence of gastric cancer in society has not decreased, but instead has shown a gradual increase in recent years. For more than a decade, the treatment effect of gastric cancer has not been significantly improved. This is attributed to the heterogeneity of cancer, which makes popular targeted therapies ineffective. Methionine is an essential amino acid, and many studies have shown that it is involved in the development of gastric cancer. Our study aimed to review the literature on methionine and gastric cancer, describing its mechanism of action to show that tumor heterogeneity in gastric cancer does not hinder the effectiveness of methionine-restricted therapies. This research also aimed to provide insight into the inhibition of gastric cancer through metabolic reprogramming with methionine-restricted therapies, thereby demonstrating their potential as adjuvant treatments for gastric cancer.
  • 323
  • 18 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Sleep among Patients with Chronic Liver Disease
Sleep disturbances are commonly encountered among patients with CLDs and are associated with impaired HRQOL. The present study demonstrated that the more severe the liver disease, the poorer that sleep and QOL are. 
  • 322
  • 09 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Endurance Sports
Strenuous exercise can be associated with “Exercise Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome” (Ex-GIS), a clinical condition characterized by a series of gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances that may impact the physical and psychological performance of athletes. The pathophysiology comprises multi-factorial interactions between the GI tract and the circulatory, immune, enteric, and central nervous systems. 
  • 322
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Intestinal Ultrasound in Luminal Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disease with increasing worldwide prevalence. Small bowel involvement, either in isolation or with colonic disease, occurs in approximately 90% of patients with typical findings including ulceration, inflammation, and strictures. The current gold standard for CD activity assessment is ileocolonoscopy, however, resource constraints and the invasive nature of this assessment make this difficult to perform frequently. The recent selecting therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel disease two (STRIDE-2) guidelines have highlighted the increasing importance of using noninvasive modalities to evaluate CD activity. Several imaging techniques can accurately assess the small bowel, including computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound. Cross-sectional imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) and computed tomography enterography (CTE).
  • 320
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Associated Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the most common malignancy in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), accounting for 2–8% of cases and being the leading cause of death in these patients. The majority of PSC-associated CCAs (PSC-CCA) develop within the first few years after PSC diagnosis. Older age and male sex, as well as concomitant inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or high-grade biliary stenosis, are some of the most relevant risk factors. PSC-CCA pathogenesis is characterised by peculiar molecular and genetic features, being a distinct disease from the novo CCA. There has been a significant push to develop innovative strategies for PSC-CCA early diagnosis and surveillance. 
  • 320
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic and Surgical Management of Stricturing Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a systemic disease, primarily affecting the gastro-intestinal tract, of which the etiology has not been clarified. Genetic and environmental factors are indicated to contribute to CD development. CD may affect any part of the digestive tract, whereas disease behavior may change over time and progress to fibrostenotic and penetrating disease. It is estimated that approximately 40% of CD patients will develop naïve symptomatic strictures (e.g., intestinal obstruction), whereas it is not uncommon for the development of anastomotic strictures. Diagnosis <40 years of age, need for steroids at diagnosis, small bowel involvement, and smoking has been associated with stricturing CD. Symptoms of stricturing CD may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and abdominal flatulence, leading to decreased quality of life.
  • 319
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Nutritional Factors Benefit Postmenopausal Women with NAFLD
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent condition among postmenopausal women that can lead to severe liver dysfunction and increased mortality. There is also growing evidence that specific nutritional factors may help to prevent or treat NAFLD. For example, supplementation with vitamins C, D, and E may exert beneficial effects on liver health or related metabolic features, primarily through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Coffee consumption is inversely associated with a number of liver-related conditions, including slower progression of fibrosis, lower transaminase levels, and decreased liver-related mortality, and some of these positive effects may be due to caffeine. Caffeine has also been shown to improve features of metabolic syndrome, including hepatic injury in high carbohydrate, high-fat-diet-fed rat; increase energy expenditure; and reduce total body, trunk, and visceral fat or fat mass. 
  • 319
  • 21 Jun 2023
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