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Topic Review
Etiological Factors of Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is a syndrome characterized by acute and severe decompensation of chronic liver disease (CLD) correlated with multiple organ failure, poor prognosis, and increased mortality. In 40–50% of ACLF cases, the trigger is not recognized; for many of these patients, bacterial translocation associated with systemic inflammation is thought to be the determining factor; in the other 50% of patients, sepsis, alcohol consumption, and reactivation of chronic viral hepatitis are the most frequently described trigger factors. Other conditions considered precipitating factors are less common, including acute alcoholic hepatitis, major surgery, TIPS insertion, or inadequate paracentesis without albumin substitution.
  • 464
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
EUS and EUS-FNA
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has greater spatial resolution than other diagnostic imaging modalities. In addition, if gallbladder lesions are found and gallbladder cancer is suspected, EUS is an indispensable modality, enabling detailed tests for invasion depth evaluation using the Doppler mode and ultrasound agents. Furthermore, for gallbladder lesions, EUS fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) can be used to differentiate benign and malignant forms of conditions, such as xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, and collect evidence before chemotherapy.
  • 588
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Exceptional Liver Transplant Indications
Liver transplantation represents the definitive intervention for various etiologies of liver failure and encompasses a spectrum of rare indications crucial to understanding the diverse landscape of end-stage liver disease, with significantly improved survival rates over the past three decades.
  • 129
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Exercise Is Medicine for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Upwards of 30% of the world’s population has nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). There is no regulatory-agency-approved effective drug therapy or cure, and lifestyle modification with dietary change and increased physical activity remains crucial in the clinical management of all types of NAFLD, leads to many benefits within and outside the liver in patients with NAFLD. These benefits include an improvement in liver fat, histologic NASH activity, change in body composition, gain in physical fitness, reduction in markers of cardiovascular risk, improvement in health-related quality of life and possibly a reduction in oncologic risk. 
  • 341
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Exercise-Induced Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Endurance Sports
Strenuous exercise can be associated with “Exercise Induced Gastrointestinal Syndrome” (Ex-GIS), a clinical condition characterized by a series of gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances that may impact the physical and psychological performance of athletes. The pathophysiology comprises multi-factorial interactions between the GI tract and the circulatory, immune, enteric, and central nervous systems. 
  • 320
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Experimental Pharmacotherapy for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) includes a range of chronic conditions characterized by excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, defined by the presence of steatosis in >5% of hepatocytes, in the absence of significant alcohol consumption or other causes of liver injury.
  • 696
  • 14 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Extra-Intestinal Manifestations of Celiac Disease
Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic, small-intestinal, immune-mediated enteropathy due to gluten exposition in genetically predisposed individuals. It occurs in about 1% of the population and often remains an underdiagnosed condition. This could be due to the fact that the adult population often lacks the classical signs and symptoms of CD, manifesting only atypical symptoms.
  • 503
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Extrahepatic Manifestations in Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Hepatitis C is a liver infection caused by the hepatitis C virus and is a major health problem that contributes to the global burden of chronic disease. Chronic infection can lead to liver cancer and death from end-organ damage. Despite the introduction of novel anti-viral therapy, the disease burden is still high. 
  • 710
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Fatty Liver Syndrome
Fatty liver syndrome is an emerging health problem in the world, due to the high prevalence of obesity and alcohol use disorder. Given the nature of the disease’s advancement to cirrhosis and liver-related complications, it is important to assess the severity of the disease, which is typically done via a liver biopsy. Due to the limitations and risks of liver biopsy, the role of noninvasive tests is essential and evolving to stratify the stage of the liver disease, predict the outcomes, and/or monitor the treatment response. This review is focused on noninvasive tests, including the use of serum-based biomarkers, ultrasound-based shear wave elastography, transient elastography, and magnetic resonance elastography in both clinical and research settings
  • 574
  • 17 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Features of Lipid Metabolism Disorders in PBC
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is an autoimmune liver disease that mostly affects women. A progressive disorder in the processes of bile secretion and enterohepatic bile salts circulation in patients with PBC already in its early stages, leading to an insufficient release of bile acids into the bowel and their entry into the systemic circulation. Insufficient bile acids released into the duodenum contributes to the development of malabsorption, energy malnutrition, and slowly progressive weight loss.
  • 556
  • 08 Dec 2022
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